WISCONSIN

the sixth rank, its product being over 116,000 tons of pig-iron and 60,000 tons of rolled iron. Manufactures of leather amount to $9,000,000; and beer is produced, chiefly at Milwaukee, to the value of $11,000,000 annually. Wisconsin is divided into sixty-eight counties, and sends nine representatives to Congress. Education is liberally supported. The University of Wisconsin was founded at Madison in 1850; and there are also nine colleges, four normal schools, numerous high schools, and an excellent system of public schools. The state capital is Madison, the leading commercial city Milwaukee (204,468). Other cities having over 10,000 of population are La Crosse, Oshkosh, Racine, Eau Claire, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Superior, Appleton, Marinette, Janesville.

Artificial earth-mounds (see MOUND BUILDERS), some in the form of animals, as the turtle and buffalo, are the earliest works of man in Wisconsin. Jean Nicollet was the first white man who visited the state, having entered the Fox River in 1634. In 1665 a Jesuit mission was founded on Green Bay, and French fur-traders soon established trading posts. Upon the conquest of Canada in 1763 Wisconsin passed under British control, which lasted practically till 1815. Wisconsin Territory, when formed in 1836, extended as far as the Dakotas; but in 1838 the Mississippi was made its western boundary. Ten years later it was admitted as a state. Special efforts were made to attract immigration by the offer of cheap lands, and the result has been an unusually large foreign element in the population-chiefly German and Scandinavian, but including also French and Swiss. Many of these foreigners settled in communities, which have tenaciously preserved their original language and customs. Roman Catholics form the most numerous religious body, followed successively by Lutherans, Methodists, Congregationalists, and Baptists. The first railroad was built in 1850; in 1891 there were 5615 miles. During the civil war Wisconsin furnished to the Federal army 91,327 soldiers. Pop. (1850) 305,391; (1870) 1,054,670; (1880) 1,315,477; (1890) 1,686,880. Besides a few civilised Indians, there still remain in the state 7649 tribal Indians, mostly Chippewas, with reservations containing 845,496 acres.

Wisconsin, a river of Wisconsin, rises on the northern frontier, and flows nearly 600 miles south and west to the Mississippi. It is broken by many rapids and falls, but is navigable to Portage City, where a short canal connects with the Fox River, so that there is steamboat communication between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi.

Wisdom, BOOK SOLOMON.

OF. See ECCLESIASTICUS,

Wiseman, NICHOLAS PATRICK, Cardinal and Roman Catholic Archbishop of Westminster, was born 2d August 1802, at Seville, of an Irish family settled in Spain. He was brought to Ireland in his childhood, and received his first education at Waterford, whence he was removed to the Roman Catholic College at Ushaw near Durham. In his sixteenth year he entered the English College at Rome, received holy orders at Rome in 1825, and was made S.T.D. and vice-rector of the college. In 1828 he published his Hora Syriaca, and became rector. As such in Rome he delivered his Lectures on the Connection of Science and Revealed Religion (1836); in London he first became known by a series of lectures on The Doctrines of the Catholic Church (1836). In the same year he was mainly instrumental in establishing the Dublin Review. In 1840 he was named Coadjutor Vicar-apostolic of the Central District of England, with the title of Bishop of Melipotamus in partibus, and appointed president of St Mary's College at Oscott. In 1846

he was transferred as Coadjutor Vicar-apostolic to the London district. From shortly after the Reformation the Roman Catholic Church in England had resorted to the expedient of a system of bishops In Partibus Infidelium (q.v.), with the title and authority of Vicars-apostolic (q. v. ); but from the date of the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act a desire had gradually sprung up among Catholics for the restoration of the normal form of church government by the establishment of a regular hierarchy. This measure was finally determined on by the pope in the year 1850, and Dr Wiseman was named archbishop of the see of Westminster, being at the same time created cardinal. This measure called forth a storm of religious excitement, which led to the passing of the futile Ecclesiastical Titles Assumption Act (q.v.). During the excitement Wiseman published an explanatory address of great ability and moderation entitled An Appeal to the Reason and Good Feeling of the People of England on the Subject of the Catholic Hierarchy. Notwithstanding these unfavourable circumstances, the undoubted abilities and literary eminence of Cardinal Wiseman eventually compelled the admiration of the British public. He took frequent occasion, moreover, by public lectures and addresses on the neutral subjects of education, literature, and art, to identify himself with the spirit of progress, and with the national sentiments of his fellow-countrymen; and in spite of failing health he published a succession of works which possessed much congenial to the sympathies of all cultivated Englishmen. The Lectures on Religion and Science already referred to; On the Connection between the Arts of Design and those of Production; on the Influence of Words on Thought and Civilisation; on the Points of Contact between Science and Art; Recollections of the Last Four Popes, and other similar works, obtained an extensive circulation. He died in London, 15th February 1865. He was a scholar of rare and various attainments, a distinguished orator, a graceful and vigorous writer, and an accomplished critic. In addition to the works mentioned above, he published The Real Presence in the Eucharist (1836); Reply to Dr Turton on the Eucharist (1839); Lectures on the Ceremonies of Holy Week (1839); Essays on Various Subjects (3 vols. 1853); Fabiola, or a Church of the Catacombs (1854), a singularly life-like picture of early Christian life in classic Rome; Sermons (2 vols. 1864); with many polemical tracts and other short publications. In 1866 appeared The Witch of Rosenburg, a Drama in Three Acts; and Daily Meditations in 1868. See Memoir by G. White (1865), and Lord Houghton's Monographs (1873).

Wiseman, RICHARD, surgeon to Charles II. (died 1679). See SURGERY, Vol. IX. p. 818; and the monograph by Sir T. Longmore (1892).

Wishart, GEORGE, the martyr, was born in the opening years of the 16th century. He belonged to the family of Pittarrow in Forfarshire, his eldest brother being clerk of justiciary and king's advocate. Though so well-known a figure in Scottish history, few facts of his life have come down to us. In 1538 he was acting as schoolmaster in Montrose, where he incurred a charge of heresy for teaching the Greek New Testament. The following year we find him in Bristol, and again in connection with heresy, of which he had to make public abjuration in the church of St Nicholas in that city. The next few years he spent on the Continent, chiefly in Germany and Switzerland, a memorial of which sojourn is his translation of The Confession of Faith of the Churches of Switzerland. In 1543 he was residing in Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, where he had as one of his students a certain Emery Tylney, who has described his tutor as

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