YOUGHAL

YOUNG

783

cance. The valley was discovered in 1851 by
soldiers who pursued some predatory Indians to
their fastness here; its fame quickly spread, and
congress wisely took steps to preserve its beauties,
and in 1864 handed it over to the state, along with
the Mariposa grove of big trees (see SEQUOIA), tography by J. P. Anderson (2 vols. 1892).
be held as inalienable for all time for public use,
resort, and recreation.' There are several hotels, a
post-office, and a chapel in the valley, besides the
houses of the guardian and the guides and others
under him. A commission appointed by congress
to investigate its management, however, at the end
of 1891 reported that much of the timber had
been destroyed for buildings, fences, and fuel, or
removed to clear the land for cultivation; that
more than half the valley had been fenced with
barbed wire and cultivated in grass and grain,
leaving scarcely paths for pedestrians, while in
other parts stock was pastured; and in effect the
place was being turned into a farm and stock
ranch. The secretary of the interior reported the
matter promptly to congress, with a view to put-
ting an end to this at once.

they found almost greater honour abroad than in
England.

See the Life by M. Betham-Edwards, prefixed to her edition of the Travels in France (1890), and A. W. Hutton's edition of the Tour in Ireland, with a biblio

Youghal (pron. nearly Yawl), a seaport of County Cork, on the estuary of the Blackwater, 27 miles E. of Cork by rail. The town has some structures of interest-the parish church, which is formed of the nave and aisles of the ancient collegiate church, built by the Earl of Desmond in 1464; the water-gate and the clock-gate;' and Sir Walter Raleigh's house, Myrtle Grove, which remains nearly in its original state. There is a handsome Roman Catholic church, and remains of several ancient conventual and other buildings. Parts of the old walls are standing. The trade of Youghal lies chiefly in the export of agricultural produce; the harbour is obstructed by a bar. According to local tradition, the potato was first planted at Youghal by Raleigh, who was mayor in 1588. The town sent a member to parliament till 1885. Pop. (1851) 7410; (1891) 4317.

Young, ARTHUR, writer on agriculture, was born on 11th September 1741 at Whitehall, but passed his boyhood, as indeed most of his life, at Bradfield Hall, near Bury St Edmunds, his father, Dr Young, being rector of Bradfield Combust and a prebendary of Canterbury. On quitting Lavenham grammar-school he was apprenticed in 1758 to a mercantile house at Lynn; but this 'most detestable situation' he left next year, upon his father's death, without education, pursuit, profession, or employment.' In 1763 he rented a small farm of his mother's, on which he made 3000 unsuccessful experiments; in 1765 married, not too happily, a sister of Fanny Burney's stepmother; during 176671 held a good-sized farm in Essex (ruin the result); from 1776 to 1778 was in Ireland; resumed farming at Bradfield; and in 1793 was appointed secretary to the newly-established Board of Agriculture, with a salary of £600. Blind from 1811, he died in London on 20th April 1820, and was buried at Bradfield. Arthur Young, by his writings, was one of the first to elevate agriculture to the dignity of a science, and render it popular among the upper classes of the country. Those writings, more than a score in number, include A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties (1768), A Six Months' Tour through the North of England (4 vols. 1771), The Farmer's Tour through the East of England (4 vols. 1770-71), Tour in Ireland (1780), Travels in France during 1787-88-89-90 (2 vols. 1792–94), The Farmer's Kalendar (1800; 215th ed. 1862), and 'Agricultural Surveys of eight English counties, besides many papers in The Annals of Agriculture, which he edited, and to which George III. ('Farmer George') was a contributor. His works were as successful as his practice was unsuccessful, and

Young, BRIGHAM, American Mormon leader, was born at Whitingham, Vermont, June 1, 1801, received eleven days' schooling, and then was sucand was the son of a small farmer proprietor. He cessively employed as carpenter, painter, and glazier in Mendon, New York. He first saw the Book of Mormon' in 1830, and in 1832, having become converted by Samuel H. Smith, a brother of the prophet,' he was baptised and began to preach near Mendon. Next he went to Kirtland, Ohio, was made an elder, and preached in Canada, 1832-33. In 1835 he was appointed one of the twelve apostles of the Church, in 1844 president; and the Mormons, when driven from Nauvoo, Utah in 1847. were after various wanderings led by him to In 1840 he had visited England, and as a result there were 2000 proselytes that year. In 1848 the great body of Mormons arrived at Utah, and founded Salt Lake City; and in 1851 Mr Fillmore, president of the United States, appointed Brigham Young governor (1851-58). In 1858 a new governor, Cumming, was appointed, and sent with a force of 2500 United States troops to protect him and the Federal officers; a compromise was effected, and the troops remained until 1860. The determination of the United States to abolish polygamy, and the appointment, in 1869, of a new United States governor, contributed somewhat to reduce Young's authority. In 1874 his fifteenth wife petitioned the United States courts for a divorce, and separated from him. Young encouraged agriculture and manufactures, made roads and bridges, carried through a contract for 100 miles of the Union Pacific Railroad, and was otherwise a friend to commercial progress. Practical and far-seeing, he had the faculty of accumulating wealth, although on one side of his character he appeared to be a fanatical enthusiast. Young died August 29, 1877, leaving a fortune of 2,500,000 dollars to seventeen wives and fifty-six children. See MORMONS, SALT LAKE CITY, and UTAH.

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Young, CHARLES MAYNE, tragedian, was born on 10th January 1777, the second son of a clever but scoundrelly London surgeon. He spent a twelvemonth with an uncle at the Danish court (1786-87), was educated at Eton and Merchant Taylors, and, driven from home with his mother and two brothers, had for a while been a clerk in a West India house, when in 1798 he made his début at Liverpool. One hiss-his father's-was mingled with the applause that greeted his first appearance in London, in 1807, as Hamlet;' this, lago,' and Falstaff' being perhaps his best characters. With his personal advantages and his d-d musical voice,' as Kean put it, he was a really original actor, second only, nay in some parts superior, to Kean himself. In 1829 he declined an offer of £12,000 for a ten months' tour in the United States, and in 1832 he retired with a fortune of £60,000. He died at Southwick, near Brighton, on 28th June 1856. In 1805 he had married a brilliant young actress, Julia Anne Grimani (1785-1806), who left him a son, the Rev. Julian Charles Young (1806-73). He was educated at Clapham, St Andrews, and Worcester College, Oxford; became rector of Southwick, Sussex (1844-50), and then of Ilmington, Worcestershire; and published a most amusing Memoir of Charles Mayne Young (2 vols. 1871), four-fifths of which is taken up with his own Journal, and which was supplemented in 1875 by Last Leaves from that same Journal.