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the Monumentum Ancyrum." It was written in both the Latin and Greek languages. The Latin inscription was first copied in 1701 by Tournefort and since then copies of both as far as they are legible have been taken several times.

P. 187. “Germanicus." It was in this campaign against the Germans that Thusnelda, the wife of Arminius, fell a prisoner into the hands of Germanicus. When a little later the latter was granted a triumph at Rome, she with her little boy marched in the ranks of the captives. This circumstance has been made the subject of a fine painting by Carl Von Piloty, which is now in the Metropolitan Museum of New York.

P. 193. "Pop'pæ-a Sa-bi'na." This woman had been the wife of Otho, but was divorced from him in order that she might marry Nero. Otho succeeded Galba as emperor of Rome.

"The Golden House." Prof. Lanciani in his "Ancient Rome" thus describes this fairy palace: "Of the wonders of the Golden House it is enough to say there were comprised within the precincts of the enchanting residence, waterfalls supplied by an aqueduct fifty miles long; lakes and rivers shaded by dense masses of foliage, with harbors and docks for the imperial galleys; a vestibule containing a bronze colossus one hundred twenty feet high; porticoes three thousand feet long; farms and vineyards, pas. ture grounds and woods teeming with the rarest and costliest kind of game; zoological and botanical gardens; sulphur baths supplied from the springs of the aquæ Albulæ, twelve miles distant, sea baths supplied from the waters of the Mediterranean sixteen miles distant at the nearest point; thousands of columns crowned with capitals of Corinthian gilt metal; thousands of statues stolen from Greece and Asia Minor; banqueting halls with ivory ceilings, from which rare flowers and precious perfumes could fall on the recumbent guests. More marvelous still was the ceiling of the state dining-room. It was spherical in shape and cut in ivory to represent the constellated skies and kept in constant motion by machinery in imitation of the movements of the stars and planets."

P. 201. "A gric'o-la." (37-93.) He was made governor of the province of Britain in 72, and held the position for seven years, during which time he subdued all the country save the highlands of Caledonia. He was recalled on account of the jealousy of Domitian and from this time till his death he lived in retirement. His life written by his son in-law, Tacitus, the great Roman historian, is drawn in the brightest colors.

P. 26. "The singing statue of Memnon." This is a colossal statue of black stone in the H-Feb.

approach to a temple in Thebes. Its height is about forty-seven feet and it is placed on a pedestal twelve feet high. Seventy-two inscriptions in Greek and Latin are found upon its base, written by travelers-among them are to be found those signed by the Emperor Hadrian, the Empress Sabina, several governors, and other official persons-testifying that they have visited the statue and heard its voice. It is said that the sound was like the twanging of a harp or that caused by striking on brass, and it occurred every morning at sunrise. The statue holds in its lap a stone which, when struck with a hammer, gives a ringing sound. There is a square hole cut in the back of the figure and it has been conjectured that a person might have concealed himself within it, and at the regular time struck a blow which caused the noise. Another theory is that the expansion produced by the sun's rays might have caused the sound.

P. 207. "An-tin'o-us." This youth possessed remarkable beauty. He was the companion of Hadrian in all of his journeys, and in the year 22 he was drowned in the Nile while in his service. The grief of the emperor knew no bounds. A temple was erected to him by Hadrian's orders at Mantinea in which he was worshiped with divine honors, and the city of Antinoöpolis in Egypt was named after him.

"Bar Coch'ba." The real name of this leader of the insurrection is thought to have been Simeon, but he was called by his followers Bar Cochba, which means "the son of a star," because it was thought the prophecy of Balaam, "there shall come a star out of Jacob" etc., was fulfilled in him.

P. 208. "Castle of St Angelo." When the Goths besieged Rome in 537 the Mausoleum of Hadrian was used as a fortress, from which the Romans threw down on the heads of those attacking, the statues on its summit. In the latter part of the same century when Gregory was consecrated pope a terrible pestilence was devastating Rome. The new pope organized a great religious procession which he led to this tomb-fortress to pray that the plague might be stopped. the way it is said Gregory distinctly saw the archangel Michael in the clouds sheathing a bloody sword above the fortress; in commemoration of which the structure has ever since been called the Castello Santo Angelo (castle of the holy angel).

On

P. 213. "Pol' y-carp." One of the Christian Fathers. He was brought before the Roman officers and commanded to deny the Christ. He refused and was immediately burned at the stake. He "wrote several homilies and epistles all of which are now lost except a short epistle

to the Philippians, chiefly valuable as a means of proving by its use of Scripture phraseology, the authenticity of most of the books of the New Testament."

"LATIN COURSES IN ENGLISH."

P. 132. "Il'i-ad," "Æ-ne'id,” “Od'ys-sey." The first, a story of the Trojan War, takes its name from Ilium, another name for Troy; the last, from Odysseus, another name for Ulysses, its hero.

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“And thou, for whom the Cæan shore,” etc. Aristæus, the son of Apollo, is meant. He lived on the island of Cea, or Ceos, and was worshiped as the protector of shepherds and P. 139. "Lucina." The goddess who pre- flocks. He taught men to keep bees. sides over the birth of children. "Thou founder of the plow," etc. tolemus.

"Ti'phys." The pilot of the ship Argo which conveyed the Argonauts to Colchis on their quest for the Golden Fleece.

P. 140.

"The Fates." The three daughters of Jupiter and Themis (law), or, as stated also, of Erebus and Night. They have control over human destinies, or, as it is poetically expressed, over the thread of human life. Clotho, the spinner, holds the distaff; Lach'e-sis twirls the spindle; and At'ro-pos cuts off the thread.

"Orpheus." A mythical Greek poet and musician. Such was the power of his lyre that it is said rocks, trees, and all animals were charmed by it. He obtained permission to visit the regions of the dead, seeking his wife Eurydice, and there soothed by his strains all who were in torment. It was promised him that he could lead his wife back to the world again if he would not look behind him until they were out of Hades. He was just about to end the expedition successfully when anxiety overcame him, and, looking back to see if his wife was still following, she vanished from his sight."Linus" formed one of the circle of poets of which Orpheus was chief.-"Calliope" was the muse of epic poetry.

P. 141. "I-am'bic pen-tam'e-ters." Lines of five feet in which each foot is an iambus, that is, it consists of two syllables, the first short, or unaccented, the second long, or accented. The following line selected from page 142 of the textbook is marked for scanning:

I sing, Mæ-ce- | nas, and | I sing | to thee. | "Alexandrine." A majestic verse composed of six iambic feet. See the third line from the top of page 143 in the text-book and also the last line in the same selection.

Trip

"And thou, whose hands the shroud-like cypress," etc. Sylvanus, a god of the fields and forests, protector of cattle. One version of the story connecting him with the cypress is as follows: He once killed accidentally a hind belonging to a youth who pined himself to death for it, and who was changed to a cypress. P. 143. "And with thy goddess mother's myrtle," etc. The myrtle was sacred to Venus, and as a descendant of Æneas, the son of Venus, Augustus is complimented by having the goddess referred to as his mother.

"Thu'le." Probably an island in the German Ocean, regarded by the ancients as the northernmost part of the world. Iceland, one of the Shetland Islands, Jutland, and Norway have been conjectured by different persons to be the place referred to.

"Te'thys." The wife of Oceanus, the ocean god, and the mother of the Oceanides (or Nymphs) and the river gods.

"Balance." A constellation in the Zodiac.— "Scorpion." The constellation Scorpio.-"The Maid." The constellation Virgo.

"Pros'-er-pine." The wife of Pluto. P. 145. der working.

“Thau-ma-turʼgy." The act of won

P. 146. "Par-then/o-pe." The name of a siren whose name was given to the city afterward called Neapolis. At this place, Parthenope, Virgil studie 1 for some time.

"Tit'y-rus." The name of a shepherd. P. 151. "Trojan Paris' judgment." To the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, the parents of Achilles, all the gods were invited except Strife. She, resolved to avenge the slight, threw a

P. 142. "Bacchus." The god of wine. He golden apple in the midst inscribed, “To the was also called Dionysus.

fairest." Juno, Venus, and Minerva all claimed

"Ceres." Goddess of agriculture and of the it. To settle the dispute Jupiter ordered Merfruits of the earth.

"And thou, whose trident," etc. The reference is to Neptune, the god of the sea. It is said that when he and Minerva disputed as to which should give a name to the city afterward

cury to lead the three claimants to Mt. Ida, and, presenting them to the handsome Paris, let him decide the question. The goddesses each tried to bribe him to decide in her favor. Juno promised him he should be king over Asia and

have great riches. Minerva would give him great glory and renown in war. Venus offered him the fairest woman in the world for his wife. He pronounced in favor of the last, and won Helen of Troy. This decision explains the fierce hatred of both Juno and Minerva for Troy and all things Trojan.

ness of the author, whom he invited to reside at his court (1740). Voltaire expressed his appreciation of all this by writing flattering comments on the king, whom he called a Trajan and a Pliny combined.

P. 175. "Harpies." Horrible monsters, having the faces of women, the bodies of vultures, and feet and hands with claws. When Æneas

P. 153. "Eurus." The east wind. "O-ron'tes." An ally of the Trojans, who landed on the islands of the Strophades, they was accompanying Æneas in his escape. devoured all the food prepared for him and his companions.

P. 155. “Scylla." The name of a monster who dwelt in a cave in a great rock lying between Italy and Sicily. She is represented as having twelve feet and six long necks and heads, the latter each containing three rows of sharp teeth. Directly opposite this rock was another on which dwelt Charybdis, another monster, who three times a day swallowed down the waters of the sea and threw them up again, thus creating a great whirlpool. Mariners trying to avoid this, fell into the grasp of Scylla.

P. 156. "Har-pal'y-ce." A princess of Thrace who was trained by her father in all manly exercises. She lived in the forests as a robber, and was so fleet of foot that the swiftest horses could not overtake her.

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P. 157. "Pa'phos." A city on the island of Cocytus here, turns out eventually to be Styx." Cyprus.

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P. 161. "Acidalian." A name applied to Venus, derived from a fountain sacred to her in Bœotia.

-Chase.

P. 186. "Cer'(ser) be-rus." The three-headed monster, like a dog, which guarded the entrance to Hades.

P. 187. "Minos." The son of Jupiter and P. 162. "Arcturus." A constellation near Europa. He was the king of Crete, and after his the Great Bear.

"Hyads." According to Steele this is a beautiful cluster of stars in the head of the constellation Taurus. The brightest of them is named Aldebaran. It is said when this constellation rises simultaneously with the sun, it announces rainy weather.

death became one of the judges of the lower world. "Rhad-a-man'thus," mentioned on page 289, was his brother and was associated with him in his office as judge of the dead.

P. 188. "Treen." An obselete form for trees.

"Marpesian." The finest of the celebrated

P. 165. "Ith-a-cus." Ulysses, so called from Parian marble was taken from Mt. Marpessa, iu the island of Ithaca, his birthplace.

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'Sons of Atreus." Agamemnon and Menelaus.

P. 168. "Hector." The eldest of the sons of Priam, and the great warrior of Troy, as Achilles was of the Greeks. He was killed by Achilles, and his body fastened to Achilles' chariot was dragged three times around the walls of Troy.

P. 172.

etc.

the island of Paros.

P. 189. "Deiphobus." A son of King Priam,

the bravest next to Hector. "Hec'a-te." A goddess who had dominion in heaven, on earth, and in the sea. For this reason she was often confounded with Ceres, Diana, and Proserpine. She was a mystic goddess to whom mysteries were celebrated in many places. "Avernian." Referring to Lake Avernus, "Nunc dimittis." Now dismiss, which fills the crater of an extinct volcano, between Cumæ and Puteoli. The Sibyl's cave was on the banks of the lake.

P. 174. "Relliquias Danaum," etc. Literally, "the remnants of the Greeks and of the inexorable Achilles," that is, the Trojans who had escaped from the Greeks and Achilles.

"Frederick and Voltaire." The king expressed great admiration for the genius and bold

"Ti-siph'o-ne." The name of one of the three Eumenides, or Furies, the avenging deities who punished disobedience to parents, disrespect to old age, all violation of hospitality, all perjury, and murder.

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"Sal-mo'ne us." The son of Eolus and brother of Sisyphus He thought himself equal to Jupiter and commanded that sacrifices should be offered to him in Elis, his home. For this arrogance Jove killed him with a thunderbolt.

"Tit'y-os." A giant of Eubea, a son of Jupiter. For an offense against Diana, he was destroyed by Apollo and cast into Tartarus, where vultures devoured his liver, which constantly grew again.

P. 191. "The Lapith race." A mythical people of Thessaly, related to the Centaurs. "Pi-rith'o-us" and "Ix'i-on" were kings of this people at different times, who, after death, were punished as described, the former for his daring of the gods, the latter for treachery.

P. 192. "The'se-us." The great legendary hero of Athens. On returning from the expedition in which he killed the Minotaur, and so freed Athens from its terrible tribute of youths and maidens to be devoured by that monster, he forgot to hoist the white sail which was to tell his father that he was safe, and the latter, thinking his son dead, threw himself into the sea. The seus carried off Helen when she was quite a girl, and her brothers, Castor and Pollux, discovering her hiding-place, rescued her. Many other sins are laid to the charge of this national hero. "Phle'gy-as." Son of Mars. Becoming enraged at Apollo for an offense committed against him by that god, he set fire to his temple, for which the god killed him ard condemned him to severe punishment in the lower world.

Orpheus. The author of various poetical works used in mystic rites.

P. 194. "Le'the." The river of forgetfulness, from which the departed souls drank an I for ot all things connected with their earth life. P. 196. "Garamant." The most southern city of northern Africa, known to the ancients. This city is now known as Mourzouk, in Fezzan. "Al-ci'des." Another name for Hercules. The allusions to "Erymanthus," "Lerua,” etc., refer to some of his twelve labors.

P. 198. "Cossus." A Roman consul who in 428 B. C. killed in single combat a king of the Veii.

"Ser-ra'nus." A name given to Caius Attilius Regulus, a Roman consul in 257 B.C. He is said to have received this surname because he was sowing a field when the news of his having been made consul was brought him. (Ser'e re, to sow.)

"Fa-bric'i-us." Consul in 282 B. C. A popular Roman hero; a representative of the purity and honesty of the good old times.

"Fe-re'tri-an." A surname of Jupiter, derived from the Latin verb ferire, to strike. Persons who took oath called upon Feretrian Jove to strike them dead with his thunderbolt if they swore falsely.

P. 200. "Cai-e'ta." A town in Latium on the borders of Campania.

"Mont di pietà" To the note found on page 519 of this issue, which gives only a simple translation of the words, the following explanation is added: The Mont di pietà is a public institution named from the hill on which the first one was built, whose original object was the delivering the needy from the charges of the Jewish money lenders They are institutions which lend money at reasonable rates of interest, and are most beneficial to the poor. In Asia and most of Europe they are established by government; but in Great Britain and America they are repre

"Teucer." The founder of the Trojan line, sented by pawn-brokers' shops, which are private and first Trojan king.

"Ilus." Grandson of Teucer, the founder of Ilium, which was also called Troy after his father, Tros.

"As-sar'a-cus" was the brother of Ilus. Dardanus was also a mythical ancestor of the Trojans. He married a daughter of Teucer. P. 193. "Mu-sæ'us. A mythological personage, thought by some to have been a son of

institutions. Webster gives the definition in his dictionary.

Errata. In THE CHAUTAUQUAN for November, p. 203, in the statement, "Fahrenheit's [thermometer] . . . puts 212° between these two points," read 180° for 212°.

In the December issue, note on Raleigh, p. 349, read James I. instead of Charles I.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS.

ON THE C. L. S. C. TEXT-BOOKS.

VINCENT AND JOY'S "OUTLINE HISTORY OF

ROME."

I. Q. When did Octavius become master of the Roman world? A. In 31 B. C.

2. Q. What did the closed doors of the temple of Janus indicate regarding the condition of Rome? A. That it was at peace.

3. Q. Under what new title was comprehended the authority of the various offices filled by Octavius? A. Augustus.

4. Q. What change was instituted regarding the Roman provinces? A. They were divided into two classes, the senatorial and the imperial, and a uniform system of government held them in control.

5. Q. As the empire became established, what further rights were granted them? A. The full rights of Roman citizenship.

6. Q. What did Augustus seek to do for Rome itself? A. To make it worthy of the empire.

7. Q. What was his boast regarding it? A. That he had found it built of brick and left it built of marble.

8. Q. What more enduring testimonial was left of his reign? A. Rome for the first time in its history was a literary center.

9. Q. What people were a constant menace to the peace of the empire? A. The Germans. 10. Q. By what was the good fortune of the public life of Augustus balanced? A. Family ills.

II. Q. What calamity befell the state in 9 A. D.? A. Varus with three legions was defeated in Germany.

17. Q. Who succeeded Augustus? A. His adopted son, Tiberius.

18. Q. How did Tiberius increase the ruler's powers? A. By the organization of the Prætorian Guard.

19. Q. What was the Prætorian Guard? A. A body of six thousand picked men, estab. lished in a camp beyond the city wall.

20. Q. Who was Sejanus? A. The commander of the prætorians, and the favorite of Tiberius.

21. Q. What was the fate of Sejanus? A. For seeking to displace the emperor he was executed. 22. Q. Who followed Tiberius as emperor of Rome? A. Caligula.

23. Q. At the death of Caligula what prevented the Senate from conducting the government without an emperor? A. The Prætorian Guard.

24. Q. peror? A.

Whom did the prætorians hail as em-
Claudius.

25. Q. What is probably true of the empire during the reign of these three emperors? A. In spite of their iniquities and persecutions, it was well governed.

26. Q. Who was the noted Agrippina? A. The second wife of Claudius, and the mother of Nero.

27. Q. What philosopher was Nero's teacher? A. Seneca

28. Q. In what did the young emperor Nero take especial delight? A. Music, painting, poetry, and the drama.

29. Q. When and how did the first persecution of the Christians arise? A. In 64 A. D.,

12. Q. How long was Augustus sole ruler of they were charged with starting the fires which the civilized world? A. Forty-four years.

13. Q. What effect had the decay of the ancient Greek and Roman religions produced on men's minds? A. An expectant attitude toward supernatural things.

14. Q. How did this manifest itself toward the emperor? A. Strange veneration was felt for him, and after his death he was proclaimed a god.

15. Q. Mention one remarkable temple erected for his worship? A. That at Ancyra, on whose walls was chiseled the story of his life as written by himself.

16. Q. What event, the greatest of his reign, did he ignore in this record of his life? A. The birth of Christ.

burned a great part of Rome.

30. Q What is said of the cost of Nero's "Golden House"? A. He expended upon it the revenues of a kingdom.

31. Q. How did Rome rid herself of this monster of cruelty? A. Conspiracies arose, the soldiers declared Galba emperor, and Nero took his own life.

32. What line of emperors expired with him? A. The Julian line, the adoptive descendants of Julius Cæsar and Augustus.

33. Q. Into what four groups are the next twelve emperors of Rome divided? A. Three legionary emperors; three Flavian; three statesmen; and three Antonines.

34. Q. Which one of the Roman emperors

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