VIII. HOUSEHOLD WAGES IN TOWNS AND CITIES.

Wages paid per month to household servants in the city of Warsaw.

Wages paid per year to agricultural laborers and household (country) servants in Lomza.

Wages paid per year to the municipality employés in the city of Warsaw.

XI. GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS AND OFFICES.

Wages paid per year to the employés of the Warsaw court of the exchequer.

XI. TRADES AND LABOR, GOVERNMENT EMPLOY.

Wages paid by the week of forty-eight hours to the workmen employed in the printing office belonging to the chancery of the Warsaw chief of police.

Wages paid per month of one hundred and eighty hours to the employés of the Warsaw Gor

Statement showing the wages paid per month and week of sixty hours to printers in a private printing office at Warsaw.

ITALY.

REPORT BY CONSUL-GENERAL BYERS.*

The wages paid to laborers in Rome, as generally throughout Italy, are calculated by the day. It must be understood that Italian artisans from early boyhood follow one trade only; on becoming masters they have a full knowledge of every branch of their trade. For example, masons are at one and the same time masons, bricklayers, plasterers, roofers, slaters, &c. In other words, the division of labor as practiced in the United States does not exist here.

I. GENERAL TRADES.

Statement showing the wages per day of from ten to twelve hours, earned by the general trades in Rome.

*This valuable report was only received at the Department on February 5, 1885, too late for mention in the Secretary's letter. The delay in its preparation and transmission was due to the absence, on account of sickness, of some of the force at the consulate-general, and to the promotions of Consul-General Richmond to Lisbon, and of Consul Byers, of Zurich, to Rome. That no fault can be found with Consul-General Byers, in this connection, is clearly apparent from the fact that he prepared the labor report for Zurich before leaving that post, and the present report for Italy after his arrival at Rome. Consul-General Byers expresses his acknowledgments to Mr. Wood, consular clerk, for valuable co-operation in the preparation of this report.

Statement showing the wages per day of from ten to twelve hours, earned, &c.-Continued.

Masons. Contrary to general usage, masons in Rome work mostly during the cooler months. This is not so much ou account of the excessive heat as the common custom for workmen to visit their homes during the two or three hottest months of the year. It must also be said that their work continues without interruption through the rest of the year. This exodus in summer occasions an increase in wages; in former years this increase was considerable, but it is diminishing from year to year, as masons are becoming more permanent residents.

Asphalters.-The great use now being made of asphaltum has created the new trade of asphalter. Work being done at night to avoid nuisance from smoke and smell, wages rule higher than in corresponding trades.

Slaters and roofers.-Slating and roofing is done by masons. Still some masons apply themselves to cement work, which covers a great part of roof buildings, terraces, &c. This is not a specialty, but requires considerable quickness in execution to prevent the cement or its composition from drying.

Brass-workers.-Gas-fitters are skilled mechanics, working in brass, bronze, and other metals used for gas-fixtures; they also do plumbing. Pump-makers also execute all plumbers' work in their line and receive the same wages.

Brewers. Foremen alone are practical brewers; they receive $0.961 per day. Attendants receive from $0.33} to $0.481. They are common laborers, more or less expert.

Cutlers. Cutlery is not a special trade. Repairing and some common manufacturing is done. This trade, known in Italian as coltel

linaio, comprises everything, from work done by a skilled mechanic from making a spur or fine cutting tools down to the sharpening of razors and knives.

Horseshoers.-Horseshoeing is not a special trade. As already stated, Italian artisans' are skilled in every branch of their trade. Where no special trade is referred to it should be understood that the work is done by artisans in corresponding trades. For example, a blacksmith is at one and the same time horseshoer, nail-maker, common lock-maker, &c. In some cases extra wages are paid when artisans are employed on work particularly trying or dangerous.

Cabinet makers.-The nearest corresponding trade is the stepettaio and ebanista; the highest wages are paid to molders, veneerers, inlayers, and the like.

Stevedores.-There are no stevedores at Rome. At seaports in dis charging ships they generally receive about 963 cents per day, but when the whole cargo is discharged at one place the work is usually done by contract, and remuneration varies from $0.19 to $0.29 per ton, the higher rate being for discharging railway iron or the like, and the lower rate for grain and coals or other more manageable goods.

Tapesters.-Artistic tapestry is now supported mainly by the Pope, by royalty, and by art patrons. In the words of Alessandro Castellani, the late eminent antiquarian and art collector, without the assistance of the state artistic tapestry would soon become a lost art.

My informant could not designate an average of wages in woolen manufactures, they being too variable. The lowest wages are paid in country towns, the highest in Rome.

Other trades connected with manufactures, such as smith, carpenters, machinists, &c., are paid the rates as set forth in special table of general trades.

FLOUR-MILLS.

Wages paid in the flour-mill and Italian paste manufactory of the Pantanella Brothers at