The empty houses and other buildings which were left here by the military when they were withdrawn, led to the idea of establishing a penal settlement here, consequently in 1859 a Reformatory Prison was located here by the Cartier-Macdonald Government, in which administration Sir John A. Macdonald was Attorney General West. He took a good deal of interest in the establishment of the Reformatory, and appointed Mr. Kelly of Kingston the first Warden. Mr. Angus Morrison, being the member for the North Riding of Simcoe, was the chief actor in this movement.

The large barracks erected here by the Home Government seemed a suitable building to start with, and the several vacant houses were very suitable for the necessary staff of officers and the heads of the different trades to be introduced.

Mr., or as he was commonly called, Captain William Moore Kelly was appointed the first Warden, and occupied the stone house formerly used as the Officers' Quarters. Rev. Mr. Hallen, late Chaplain to the Military, was appointed Protestant Chaplain, and occupied a log residence where the present Superintendent's residence now stands. Father Kennedy was appointed Roman Catholic Chaplain, and occupied a residence near the barracks. The bursar was Mr. Featherstonhaugh, and he occupied the residence now occupied by the painter. The old log houses which were then occupied by the tradesmen have gradually disappeared, and neat frame houses have taken their place.

The place was first opened in 1859 under the name of a Reformatory for Boys, under Captain William Moore Kelly, and the first inmates were brought here by boat by Mr. Kelly and two guards from the Penitentiary or Prison of Isle au Noix, Quebec. These, of course, were many of them grown up, and from twenty to twenty-five years of age. They were at first housed in the old Barracks, where they must have been kept until about March, 1870, when part of the present building having been built, and the Barracks burned, they were placed in the new building. This was a hewn stone structure, built of limestone obtained from the adjoining islands, and brick made by the prisoners under Mr. James Berry. The first wing built was the part now occupied by the kitchen, the old bakery, and the attendants', nurses', and patients' dining rooms. This building was arranged with three tiers of cells, sufficient to accommodate one hundred and two prisoners. The prisoners were occupied with several industries. First, a cigar factory was started; also a machine shop, and a small laundry was built. After a time the cigar factory was not satisfactory and was abolished, and a match fac

tory was started instead, but this too was soon abandoned, and the manufacture of shoes, furniture, broom handles, etc., all tried, to end in the same way.

The cell system was changed and a new wing was added and the dormitory system started. After about twenty-five years of this condition of things under Mr. Thomas McCrosson, who was appointed as successor to Captain Kelly about 1879, the place was changed to a Hospital for Insane on August 14th, 1904, and Dr. P. H. Spohn appointed Superintendent, with Mr. Ronan as Bursar. The insane patients were drafted from other asylumns and came first on August 16th, 1904. They were supposed to be all quiet cottage patients and good workers, capable of taking care of themselves to a great extent, and able to do the necessary work of the Institution, but gradually some acute cases were admitted. Dr. P. H. Spohn resigned, and Dr. G. A. McCallum, formerly of London Asylum, was transferred to this Asylum on January 20th, 1908.

Mr. Ronan, who was Bursar, was transferred to Woodstock Epileptic Asylum, and H. J. Spence appointed here in his stead on March 10th, 1906. James Lonergan resigned as Storekeeper in May, 1908, and he was succeeded by Mr. Charles E. C. Newton. Dr. Cattermole was appointed Assistant Physician early in 1908. Dr. MacCallum resigned in June, 1910, and was succeeded by Dr. W. T. Wilson in October, 1910.

One cannot close this short story of such an interesting historic locality without urging that the Government should devote a small sum for the erection of more or less permanent tablets on some of the more important sites mentioned here, for the use of students in the future, and for the interest of others visiting the locality. The writer has had a roof put on the Magazine on the Island which will preserve it for a number of years yet.

Note.-Through the kindness of Mr. A. C. Osborne I am permitted to make use of his historical notes and researches, which have been obtained during years of study of this subject, and through him I am able to append a map of the approximate sites of the principal buildings of the early settlement when it was a military and naval station.

New York, Oct. 1, 1912.

XII.

THE HISTORY OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS IN RELATION

TO HEALTH.

BY PETER H. BRYCE, M. A., M. D., OTTAWA

Like much else that we desire to obtain exact information about in the history of the Indians we find that any statements relating to their health during the period since 1600, when they may be said to have come first into constant relation with Europeans, are almost wholly accidental, and wherever made were by writers, whether as travellers or officials, whose knowledge of diseases and their treatment was naturally imperfect.

But, we must further realize the still more important fact that until at least 1800, the knowledge of medicine in civilized countries was in the matter of causation extremely imperfect, and, viewed from our modern standpoint, the treatment of disease was largely empirical and unscientific.

In Schoolcraft's History of the Indian Tribes may be found an article prefaced by Dr. Zina Pitcher, M. D., late of the United States Army, dated at Detroit, 1853, as a Report for the National Medical Association on Medical Education (Part IV., P. 500), which summarizes more exactly than that of any other writer, so far as I have found, the information then possessed regarding the Indian's knowledge of diseases and their treatment. Introducing his subject he says:

...

"The aim is to show that he (the Indian) has used faculties as discriminating and arrived at results equally as important and correct as those achieved by his more fortunate neighbours in a far different state of civil advancement In the primitive condition of a people who abide in the open air, whose tissue is hardened by exposure over the pursuits which develop therefrom-we find causes for their comparative immunity from disease and reasons for their manifestation of an inherited strong recuperative power."

He further points out how the complexities of the occupations of

civilized life develop special diseases and that therefore most of the organic affections are peculiar to the civilized. "The simplest functional diseases are those to which the Indian is liable.' To the treatment of these he has a materia medica and sytem of therapeutics, as will be seen in the sequel, very well adapted.

It will be remembered, however, that Dr. Pitcher wrote in the first half of the nineteenth century, after the Indian had been in touch with Europeans in Eastern America for some centuries, and to appreciate the real position of the Indian in relation to diseases and their treatment we must endeavour to obtain information from the earliest periods at which the European writers came into contact with him and referred to such matters.

Various references are found to such in the Jesuit Relations. For instance, in Vol. I., p. 211 (Cleveland Edition), we find the following: "They believe there are two main sources of disease, one of these in the patient himself, which desires something and will vex the body of the sick man until it possesses the thing required. They think there are in every man inborn desires often unknown to themselves upon which the happiness of the individual depends. For the purpose of ascertaining the desires and innate appetites of this character, they summon soothsayers, who, as they think have a divinely imparted power to look into the inmost recesses of the mind. These men declare whatever first comes to them, or something, from which they suspect some gain is to be derived, is desired by the sick person."

"Therefore parents, friends and relatives, do not hesitate to procure and lavish upon him, whatever it may be, however expensive, a return of which is never thereafter sought. Commonly the sick recover plainly because their illnesses are slight, for in the case of more severe complaints these soothsayers are more cautious, and denying the possibility of ascertaining what the patient desires they bewail him whom they have given up and cause the relatives to put him out of the way."

It is further stated that they were accustomed to kill those suffering from protracted and chronic illness, as well as orphaned infants.

Probably, however, the following instances taken from the somewhat too philosophical hypothesis above given, more exactly illustrate the average attitude of the Indian in his aboriginal state toward disease. It is told how Father Biard visited Membertou, the famous Micmac chief, spoken of in Lescarbot's "History of New France" in connection with M. de Mont's settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia, on account

of the dangerous illness of his son. Biard was surprised that there was no grief, no lamentation, no tearful dirge, instead of a feast, a dance and two or three dogs fastened together. Asked what all this meant Membertou said the boy would die in a short time. Biard censured them and sent the boy to French headquarters where he recovered.

A similar illustration taken from the narratives of the Pilgrim Fathers may be further quoted as confirming from another source the prevailing practices of the Indians of the East Coast. Mr. Edward Winslow relates the following incident which took place in March, 1622. Word coming to Plymouth that Massassoit, chief of the friendly Massachusetts band, was very ill, Winslow was deputed by the Governor to visit him and shew their sympathy. He says: "When we came to the house it was so full of men that we could scarcely get in, though they used their best endeavours to make room for us. We found them in the midst of their charms for him, making such a noise as greatly affected those of us who were well, and therefore was not likely to benefit him who was sick. About him were six or eight women who chafed his limbs to keep heat in him."

Mr. Winslow then told the chief, who could not see him, that the Governor had heard of his sickness and had sent him and he had brought such things as might do him good. "The chief took his preparation of conserves and seemed satisfied and in half an hour seemed better. The next day they went out to seek herbs, but could find none but strawberry leaves. He took a handful of them with some sassafras root and put them in the porridge. It being boiled, I strained it through my handkerchief and gave him at least a pint, which he liked very well. After this his sight mended more and more and he took some rest." Massassoit recovered and urged Winslow to go from house to house and visit those who were sick within the village and to treat them as he had the chief.

The writer who quoted this incident tells further how in 1622 the people were in great distress for scant rain, and a day of prayer was set apart. "An Indian taking notice that during the former part of the day there was a very clear sunshine and that in the evening the rain fell in a sweet soaking shower was so much affected with the power the English had with their God that he resolved from that day not to rest till he knew this great God." To this end he forsook the Indians and clung to the English. Alongside of these two distinct statements it is of interest to quote from a series of articles just published in a London newspaper of the 13,750 mile journey from Brazil to Peru, through hitherto undiscovered territory, by A. Henry Savage Landor. He tells