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INDEX TO AUTHORS.

ADAMS, HANNAH, 44.

ADAMS, JOHN, 21, 23, 129.

ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY, 22, 100.

ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD, 18, 25

ALEXANDER, ADDISON, 383.

ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, 32, 46, 47,131,158.

AMES, FISHER, 96.

ANTHON, CHARLES, 20.

AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, 28, 44, 187.

BANCROFT, AARON, 404.
BANCROFT, GEORGE, 19, 404.
BARNES, ALBERT, 18, 25, 388.
BEECHER, CATHERINE E., 44.
BENJAMIN, PARK, 39.
BELKNAP, JEREMY, 20
BETHUNE, GEORGE W., 43.
BIDDLE, NICHOLAS, 39.
BIDDLE, RICHARD, 20.

BINNEY, HORACE, 25.

BIRD, ROBERT M., 31, 40, 431.
BOWDITCH, NATHANIEL, 27.
BOWEN, FRANCIS, 38, 43, 443.
BRECKENRIDGE, H. L., 37.
BRIGGS, C. F., 547.

BROOKS, MARIA, 44, 45.

BROWN, CHARLES B., 23, 39, 107.

BROWNSON, ORESTES A., 39, 42, 422, 443.
BRYANT, W. C., 24, 34, 36, 39, 45, 249, 324.
BUCKINGHAM, JOSEPH T., 39.
BUCKMINSTER, J. S.. 38, 223.

BURGESS, TRISTRAM, 23.

BUSH, GEORGE, 18, 25, 354, 383.

CALHOUN, JOHN C., 21, 24, 172.
CAREY, HENRY C., 24.
CAREY, MATTHEW, 24, 99.
CALVERT, GEORGE H., 45.
CATLIN, GEORGE, 26, 44.
CHANNING, WILLIAM E., 41, 159.
CHEEVER, GEORGE B., 44, 452.
CHILD, LYDIA M., 32, 34, 44, 426.
CHOATE, RUFUS, 22.

CLARK, WILLIS GAYLORD, 37.

CLARK, LEWIS G., 39.

CLAY, HENRY, 21, 22, 23.

COLTON, CALVIN, 24.

COLTON, GEORGE H., 39.

CONRAD, ROBERT T., 46.

COOPER, JAMES F., 20, 29, 38, 44, 253.

COOPER, THOMAS, 23.

CRUSE, PETER HOFFMAN, 341.
CUSHING, CALEB, 44, 298.

DANA, R. H., 33, 39, 41, 45, 131, 150, 218.
DANA, RICHARD H. JR., 44, 248.
DANE, NATHAN, 138.

DAWES, RUFUS, 46.

DENNIE, JOSEPH, 38, 39, 40, 101.
DEWEY, ORVILLE, 38, 303.
DICKINSON, JOHN, 23.
DUNLAP, WILLIAM, 107.
DUYCKINCK, E. A., 30, 43, 543.
DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, 18, 81.

EDWARDS, JONATHAN, 17, 53.
ELIOT, JOHN, 17, 300.

ELLET, MRS. E. F., 44.

ELLIOT, STEPHEN, 40,

EMBURY, EMMA C., 44.

EMERSON, RALPH WALDO, 42, 442.

EVERETT, A. H., 24, 38, 41, 294, 871.
EVERETT, EDWARD, 22, 24, 38, 41, 47, 330.

FAY, THEODORE S., 43, 447.
FELTON, CORNELIUS C., 25, 42.
FLINT, TIMOTHY, 29, 39, 152.
FRANCIS, DR. JOHN W., 201.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, 21, 27, 40, 57.
FULLER, 8. MARGARET, 44, 537.

GALLATIN, ALBERT, 23, 26, 86.
GIBBS, GEORGE, 20.

GILMAN, MRS. CAROLINE, 44.
GILMAN, SAMUEL, 37, 42.
GLASS, FRANCIS, 25.
GOODRICH, S. G., 483.

GREELEY, HORACE, 24.

HALE, SARAH J., 44.
HALL, JAMES, 299.

HALLECK, FITZ GREENE, 38, 45.
HAMILTON, A., 21, 22, 23, 25, 86.
HAWES, WILLIAM P., 540.

HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL, 33, 470.

HAWKS, FRANCIS L., 42.
HAZARD, ROWLAND G., 43.

HEADLEY, J. T., 44, 540.

HENRY, PATRICK, 20, 21, 125.

HERBERT, HENRY W., 39.

HILLARD, GEORGE S., 43.
HODGE, CHARLES, 18, 25.

HOFFMAN, CHARLES F., 31, 34, 39, 456.
HOFFMAN, DAVID, 43.
HOOKER, HERMAN, 417.
HOOPER, JOHNSON J., 37, 546.
HOPKINS, JOHN HENRY, 18.
HOPKINSON, FRANCIS, 37, 39, 72.
HOSMER, W. H. C., 300.
HUDSON, H. NORMAN, 43.

IRVING, W., 20, 32, 33, 35, 30, 143, 201.

JEFFERSON, THOMAS, 21, 23, 71.
JONES, WILLIAM A., 43.

JUDSON, MRS. ("FANNY FORESTER"), 44.

KENNEDY, JOHN P., 31, 341.
KENT, WILLIAM, 25.

KIRKLAND, CAROLINE M., 34, 37, 44, 463.
KIRKLAND, WILLIAM, 463.

LEA, ISAAC, 28.

LEGARE, HUGH S., 22, 39, 40, 42, 390.
LEGGETT, WILLIAM, 24, 31, 325.
LESLIE, CHARLES R, 47, 384.
LESLIE, ELIZA, 44, 394.
LINN, JOHN BLAIR, 110.

LONGFELLOW, HENRY W., 32, 45, 495.
LONGSTREET, JUDGE. 37.

LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL, 43, 300.

MACKENZIE, ALEXANDER S., 44.
MACKINTOSH, MARIA J., 44,
MADISON, JAMES, 23, 79
MARSHALL, JOHN, 25, 85.

MARSH, GEORGE P., 42, 414.

MARSH, JAMES, 18,414.
MATHER, COTTON, 17, 57.

MATHEWS, CORNELIUS, 32, 39, 46, 543,
MIDDLETON, HENRY, 24.

MITCHELL, SAMUEL L., 28, 107.
MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR, 21, 307.
MOWATT, ANNA C., 46.

NEAL, JOHN, 313.

NEAL, JOSEPH C., 37, 518.
NEVILLE, MORGAN, 37, 546.
NORTON, ANDREWS, 18, 25, 230, 393.

OSPORN, LAUGHTON, 32, 39, 46.
O'SULLIVAN, J. L., 39.

PARKER, THEO.. 43, 443.

PAULDING, JAMES K., 29, 35, 38, 39, 143.
PINKNEY, EDWARD C., 814.

POE, EDGAR A., 34, 523.

POWERS, HIRAM, 47.

PRESCOTT, WILLIAM H., 19, 380.

PRESTON, WILLIAM C., 22.

QUINCY, JOSIAH, 20, 130.

RALPH, JAMES, 50, 61.

REED, HENRY, 39, 43, 307.

REED, WILLIAM B., 308.

ROBINSON, EDWARD, 18, 25, 39, 43, 392.

SANDERSON, JOHN, 36, 239.

SANDS, ROBERT C., 36, 50, 228, 325.
SARGENT, EPES, 46.

SCHOOLCRAFT, H. R., 28, 44, 299, 539.

SEDGWICK, C. M., 30, 44, 357.

SIGOURNEY, LYDIA H., 44.

SIMMS, WILLIAM G., 30, 34, 40, 43, 503.
SMITH, ELIZABETH OKES, 34, 300,
SMITH, SEBA, ("JACK DOWNING,") 37.

SPARKS, JARED, 20, 307.
STEPHENS, ANN S., 44.

STEPHENS, JOHN L., 43, 44.

STILES, EZRA, 19, 53, 158.
STORY, JOSEPH, 25, 138.
STUART, MOSES, 18, 25, 352.
SUMNER, CHARLES, 43.

TAPPAN, HENRY, 17, 19.

THOMAS, F. W., 33, 123.

THORPE, T. B., 37, 546.

TICKNOR, GEORGE, 39, 300.

TUCKERMAN, HENRY T., 43, 331.

TUCKER, GEORGE, 20, 23, 294.
TUDOR, WILLIAM, 20, 38.

VERPLANCK, GULIAN C., 25,36,38,40,227.
VIEL, ABBE, 25.

WALKER, JAMES, 18, 443.

WALSH, ROBERT, JR., 39, 41, 107.

WARE, WILLIAM, 32, 398.

WAYLAND, FRANCIS, 24, 39, 304.

WEBSTER, DANIEL, 21, 23, 175.

WEBSTER, NOAH, 28.

WEST, BENJAMIN, 46.

WHEATON HENRY, 20, 25, 109.

WHIPPLE, E. P., 43, 550.
WHITTIER, J. G., 300.

WILDE, RICHARD H., 43, 258.

WILLIAMS, WILLIAM R., 18; 39,

WILLIS, N. P., 33, 46, 453.

WILSON, ALEXANDER, 39, 187.

WIRT, WILLIAM, 39, 40, 121.

THE

INTELLECTUAL HISTORY, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS

OF

THE COUNTRY.

I NEED not dwell upon the necessity of Literature and Art to a people's glory and happiness. History with all her voices joins in one judgment upon this subject. Our legislators indeed choose to consider them of no consequence, and while the states are convulsed by claims from the loom and the furnace for protection, the demands of the parents of freedom, the preservers of arts, the dispensers of civility, are treated with silence. But authors and artists have existed and do exist here in spite of such outlawry; and notwithstanding the obstacles in our condition, and the discouragements of neglect, the Anglo-Saxon race in the United States have done as much in the fields of Investigation, Reflection, Imagination and Taste, in the present century, as any other twelve millions of people—about our average number for this period -in the world.

Doubtless there are obstacles, great obstacles, to the successful cultivation of letters here; but they are not so many nor so important as is generally supposed. The chief difficulty is a want of Patriotism, mainly proceeding from and perpetuated by the absence of a just law of copyright. There is indeed no lack of that spurious love of country which is ever ready to involve us in aimless and disgraceful war; but there is little genuine and lofty national feeling; little clear perception of that which really deserves affection and applause ; little intelligent and earnest effort to foster the good we possess or acquire the good we need.

It has been the fate of colonists in all ages to consider the people from among whom they made their exodus both morally and intellectually superior to themselves, and the parent state has had thus a kind of spiritual added to her

political sovereignty. The American provinces quarreled with England, conquered, and became a separate nation; and we have since had our own Presidents and Congresses; but England has continued to do the thinking of a large class here-of men who have arrogated to themselves the title of critics-of our sham sort of men, in all departments. We have had no confidence in ourselves; and men who lack self-reliance are rarely successful. We have not looked into our own hearts. We have not inquired of our own necessities. When we have written, instead of giving a free voice to the spirit within us, we have endeavoured to write after some foreign model. We have been so fearful of nothing else as of an Americanism, in thought or expression. He has been deemed greatest who has copied some transatlantic author with most successful servility. The noisiest demagogue who affects to despise England will scarcely open a book which was not written there. And if one of our countrymen wins some reputation among his fellows it is generally because he has been first praised abroad.

The commonly urged barriers to literary advancement supposed to exist in our form of government, the nature of our institutions, the restless and turbulent movements of our democracy, and the want of a wealthy and privileged class among us, deserve little consideration. Tumult and strife, the clashing of great interests and high excitements, are to be regarded rather as aids than as obstacles to intellectual progress. From Athens came the choicest literature and the finest art. Her philosophers, so calm and profound, her poets, the dulcet sounds of whose lyres still charm the ears of succeeding ages, wrote amid continual upturnings and overthrows. The best authors of Rome also were senators and soldiers. Milton, the greatest of the prose writers as well as the greatest of the poets of England, lived in the Commonwealth, and participated in all its political and religious controversies. And what repose had blind Mæonides, or Camoëns, or Dante, or Tasso? In the literature of

* The literature of other countries, says M. Sismondi, has been frequently adopted by a young nation with a sort of fanatical admiration. The genius of these countries having been so often placed before it, as the perfect model of all greatness and of all beauty, every spontaneous movement has been repressed in order to make room for the most servile imitation, and every national attempt to develope an original character has been sacrificed to the reproduction of something conformable to the model which has been always before its eyes. Thus the Romans checked themselves in the vigour of their first conceptions to become emulous copyists of the Greeks; and thus the Arabs placed bounds to their intellectual efforts that they might rank themselves among the followers of Aristotle. So the Italians in the sixteenth, and the French in the seventeenth century, desirous only of imitating the ancients, did not sufficiently consult, in their poetical attempts, their own religion, manners, and character.-Literature of the South of Europe.

Germany and France, too, the noblest works have been produced amid the shocks of contending elements.

Nor is the absence of a wealthy class, with leisure for such tranquil pursuits, to be much lamented. The privileged classes of all nations have been drones. We have, in the Southern states of this republic, a large class, with ample fortunes, leisure and quiet; but they have done comparatively nothing in the fields of intellectual exertion, except when startled into spasmodic activity by conflicts of interest with the North.

To say truth, most of the circumstances usually set down as barriers to æsthetical cultivation here are directly or indirectly advantageous. The real obstacles are generally of a transient kind. Many of them are silently disappearing; and the rest would be soon unknown if we had a more enlightened love of country, and the making of our laws were not so commonly confided to a sort of men whose intellects are too mean or whose principles are too wicked to admit of their seeing or doing what is just and needful in the premises. That property which is most actual, the only property to which a man's right is positive, unquestionable, indefeasible, exclusive-his genius, conferred as by letters patent from the Almighty-is held to be not his, but the public's, and therefore is not brought into use.* The foreign author, by the refusal to recognise his rights, is driven into inveterate enmity to our institutions and interests, and at the same time such advantage is given him in addressing the popular mind as to make opinion here in a large degree dependent on his will.

Nevertheless, much has been accomplished; great advancement has been made against the wind and tide; and at this time the aspects and prospects

* All" arguments" against copyright, as universal and perpetual as the life of a book, are but insults to the common sense. Some of them are ingenious, and may be admired on the same principle that the ingenuity of a picklock is admired. The possession of lands is, by privilege, conceded to the individual for the common benefit. The right of an author rests on altogether different grounds. The intangible and inalienable power by which he works, is a direct and special gift to him, to be used in subjection only to the law of God, who mocks at the petty ranks which men establish, by setting the seal of His nobility and conferring His riches upon whom He will. The feudal chief by rapine, or the speculator by cunning, wins an estate, and the law secures him and his heirs in its possession while there are days and nights. An author creates a book-which, besides diffusing a general benefit, yields a revenue, as great perhaps as that from the estate which has been acquired by force or fraud, and the law, without alleging any fault, seizes it and bestows it on the mob. The question is commonly discussed as one of expediency. No one has a right so to consider it. But if the argument, even upon this principle, were intelligently and honestly conducted, the result would invariably be in favour of the author. There is among men of sense no actual difference of opinion on this subject. The plunder of the foreign author is sanctioned and enforced under an erroneous impression that something is gained by it, and because an honest law, as it would in a very slight degree increase the prices of new books, might endanger the seat of the member of Congress who should vote for it.

of our affairs are auspicious of scarcely any thing more than of the successful cultivation of National Literature and National Art.

I use the word National because whatever we do well must be done in a national spirit. The tone of a great work is given or received by the people among whom it is produced, and so is national, as an effect or as a cause. While the spirit which animates the best literature of any country must be peculiar to it, its subjects may be chosen from the world. It is absurd to suppose that Indian chiefs or republican soldiers must be the characters of our works of imagination, or that our gloomy forests, or sea-like prairies, or political committee rooms must be their scenes. Paradise Lost and Utopia are as much portions of British literature as Alfred, or London Assurance. It may be regarded as one of the greatest dangers to which our literature is exposed, indeed, that so many are mistaken as to what should distinguish it. Some writers, by no means destitute of abilities, in their anxiety to be national have merely ceased to be natural. Their works may be original, but the men and manners they have drawn have no existence. Least of all do they exist in America. The subjects for the novelist and the poet in our own country are to be preferred because they are striking from their freshness, and because the physical condition of a country, having a powerful influence upon the character of its inhabitants, naturally furnishes the most apposite illustrations of their feelings and habits; but a "national work" may as well be written about the builders of the Pyramids as about the mound builders. In our literature we must regard all men as equal in point of privilege, the church as the whole company of God's acceptable worshippers, the state as a joint stock in which every one holds a share. It must be addressed to the national feelings, vindicate the national principles, support the national honour, be animated by an expansive sympathy with humanity. It must teach that the interests of man are the highest concern of men.

Our forefathers-the men who from Great Britain or the continent settled this new world-were the product of an age prolific in excitements. Their hearts were busy, some with plans of personal ambition, some with great problems for the benefit of humanity. Whatever they found to do, they did, with directness and earnestness. The chief causes of their emigration were religious; the spirit which animated them when here was religious; and their literature the permanent expression of their character-was a religious literature. Their first works were quaint and curious: many of them were original and profound. It may be that in some cases they gave their flour to the devil, and reserved their bran only for the Lord; but they certainly produced the

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