of the Dordogne and Vézère, and when a band of young men was arising in France who knew how to interpret the human signs found there. We owe our knowledge of the Cro-Magnon race to the French School of Anthropologists. Ed. Lartet, a member of the older school, recognized the antiquity of the race and defined its characteristics as found in the south-west of France; members of the modern school, Verneau, Boule, Rivière, and Cartailhac, have extended that knowledge by their researches in the cliff caves of Monaco, in the south-east of France. The CroMagnon race was discovered at a period when, under Darwin's influence, anthropologists expected to find man becoming more primitive in mind and body as his history was traced into the past. The discovery at Cro-Magnon showed that the evolution of human types was not an orderly one, for, in size of brain, and in stature, the race which flourished in the south of Europe at the close of the Glacial Period was one of the finest the world has ever seen. Yet they must have been grim-visaged and savage-looking men. When ascending the sides of the valley of the Thames, from the more recent deposits where the Tilbury man was found to the upper and older terrace where the Galley Hill man was unearthed, mention was made of the discovery in an intermediate terrace of the Dartford cranium by Mr. W. M. Newton. How closely it is allied to the Cro-Magnon type may be seen by comparing it with the specimens found in France. The brain capacity of the Dartford cranium is 1750 cc., at least 250 cc. above the average of modern men. The French specimens also show an equally great capacity; in one case Verneau estimates the brain chamber to be capable of holding 1800 to 2000 cc. The length of the skull is great; in the Dartford skull it is 207 mm.; in the five French skulls the length varies from 194 to 211 mm.; in length the skull rivalled or outstripped the crania of the Galley Hill-a race which appeared long before the Cro-Magnon in Europe. In the width of the skull there is a great difference in these ancient types; in the Galley Hill type the width varies between 130 and 140 mm.; in the Cro-Magnon it varies between 140 and 150 mm. In the Dartford specimen it is 150 mm. Most of the Cro-Magnon skulls, although wide, are only of medium height; the highest point in the roof is usually not more than 120 mm. above the ear passages. The forehead is wide and the eyebrow ridges well marked. The contour of the back of the head is characteristic. As in the Galley Hill race the occipital part of the head projects rather prominently, but the crown of the head, in place of arching upwards from the occiput as in the Galley Hill race, is flattened, as if the upper and back part of the crown had been plastic and struck by a spade. Unfortunately in the Dartford specimen the face is missing, and it is in the face as well as in the stature that the characteristics of the race are to be found. Fig. 13. Profile of a Cro-Magnon skull with the outline of the Dartford cranium traced on it. (One-third natural size.) Thus, such evidence as there is in England, and admittedly the evidence is slight, points to the existence of the Cro-Magnon race in England at a period long after the Galley Hill race. It is in France itself that we find evidence as to the period at which the Cro-Magnon men appeared in Europe. Their brains were large, and we naturally expect signs of a high mental development. In their hands art reached a stage of realism which has never been surpassed; they engraved the animals they hunted on bone and ivory with the accurate eye and hand of the true artist. Their implements of flint and bone are characteristic ; hence the strata in the floors of caves formed during the time of the Cro-Magnon race can be recognized. The chief period of the Cro-Magnon race is named the Magdelénien, because in the La Madeleine rock shelter in the valley of the Vézère, three miles above Cro-Magnon, remains of their civilization are found abundantly. The strata of the Magdelénien Period lie superficial to, and are more recent than, the Aurignacien strata in which Hauser found the long and narrow headed Combe-Capelle man (Fig. 10, p. 52), who appears to represent the Galley Hill race in the south of France. In the long interval between the Aurignacien and Magdelénien, a third epoch is sometimes distinguished the Solutréen. The CroMagnon type is also found in this period. The Cro-Magnon race thus appears in Europe later than the Galley Hill type, but it is discovered with its art and its great physique already in full development. Its cradle and the place of its |