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ART. XXXVII.-SYNONYMATIC LIST OF THE AMERICAN SCIURI, OR ARBOREAL SQUIRRELS.

BY J. A. ALLEN.

Since the publication last year of my revision of the American Sciuri,* the "Neotropical" species of the group have been ably reviewed by Mr. E. R. Alston,† under unusually favorable circumstances. With his accustomed thoroughness, he has taken the trouble to seek out the types, so far as they are extant or accessible in several of the principal museums of Europe, of most of the species of former authors, and has thus been able to determine the character of many species so inadequately described, that in no other way could their proper allocation be satisfactorily determined. His careful elucidation of this obscure and perplexing group has not only placed his fellow-workers in the same field under lasting obligations to him, but must mark an era in the history of the subject. Of the fifty-nine nominal species of this group described by different authors, he informs us that he has examined the types of no less than forty-one! With the rich material of the British Museum at his command, he has been able to tell us exactly what the late Dr. Gray had for the basis of his nineteen "new species", described in a single paper in 1867, some of them so vaguely or inaccurately that the descriptions are sometimes misleading, and often inadequate indices of what he actually had before him. Mr. Alston has also been able to allocate the species described previously by the same author, and by Richardson, Bennett, Ogilby, and other British writers. In the Paris Museum, he found still extant the types of most of the species described many years since by Is. Geoffroy, Lesson, F. Cuvier, and Pucheran, and in the Berlin Museum types of the species described by Dr. Peters; so that the only important ones not seen by him are those of Brandt, Wagner, and Natterer. To assist him in collating my own work, I had the pleasure of sending him examples of the greater part of the species recognized by me in my recent monograph of the American Sciurida. As I had not access to the types of the species described by foreign authors, I made, in some instances, my allocations of synonymy with doubt, and, in other cases, only provisionally, feeling conscious of the uncertainty with which refer

* Coues and Allen's "Monographs of North American Rodentia", pp. 666-797, August, 1877.

"On the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region ", Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1878, pp. 656-670, pl. xli. This highly important memoir gives excellent diagnoses of the species, with their synonymy in full, and a critical commentary on the species of previous authors.

ences to many of the species must necessarily, under the circumstances, be made. Although Mr. Alston has shown the incorrectness of some of my identifications, and the necessity of substituting, in two instances, names other than those I was led to adopt, I feel, on the whole, no small degree of satisfaction in the confirmation of so large a portion of my synonymic work by the trying ordeal to which it has been submitted; especially as Mr. Alston has done me the kindness to state, in several instances, that I was led into mistakes by descriptions that did not properly represent the objects described. The purpose of the present paper is to correct these errors, so far as they have been satisfactorily shown, and to present a nomenclature that fairly reflects the present state of the subject.

In my former revision of the Sciuri of Tropical America, I felt author ized in reducing fully four-fifths of the previously described species to synonyms, and stated it as my belief that I had still recognized too many rather than too few. Mr. Alston, with far more-and mainly historic-material at his command, has, in one or two instances, carried the reduction still further, but, on the other hand, has added one or two species unrepresented in the material I had before me. While I recog nized ten species and two subspecies, he has raised the number of the former to twelve. The changes, so far as species are concerned, consist in his elevating one of my subspecies to full specific rank; in treating as a species a form I regarded as the young of another species; in uniting, in two instances, two of my species into one; and in restoring two species I treated as nominal. These changes, as well as those of nomenclature and synonymy, will be fully noted in the following pages.

For the purpose mainly of presenting a connected view of the American Sciuri, but partly to correct one or two errors of synonymy, I include the North American species in the subjoined enumeration, although I have no changes to make in the nomenclature adopted in "Monographs of North American Rodentia". In order to distinguish readily those that are represented in the North American fauna, I divide the species, as before, into two geographical series. Gray's species are assigned in accordance with Mr. Alston's determinations, based on an examination of the types, as are also those of Peters, Pucheran, Cuvier, Geoffroy, Bennett, and Richardson. Consequently the synonymatic tables here presented are substantially the same as Mr. Alston's.

A.-NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

I-SCIURUS HUDSONIUS, Pallas.

1.-Var. hudsonius.

Sciurus vulgaris, FORSTER, Phil. Trans. lxii, 1772, 378.

Sciurus vulgaris, e, hudsonicus, ERXLEBEN, Syst. Anim. 1777, 416.

Sciurus hudsonius, PALLAS, Nov. Spec. Glires, 1778, 376.

Sciurus carolinus, ORD, “Guthrie's Geogr. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1815, 292."

Sciurus rubrolineatus, DESMAREST, Mam. ii, 1822, 333.

2. Var. richardsoni.

Sciurus richardsoni, BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. vi, 1838, 100.

3. Var. douglassi.

Sciurus hudsonius, var. ß, RICHARDSON, Faun. Bor.-Am. i, 1829, 190.

Sciurus douglassi, GRAY, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1836, 88 (no description).—BACHMAN,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 99.

Sciurus townsendi, BACHMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1839, 63 (MS. name). Sciurus lanuginosus, BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 101.

Sciurus mollipilosus, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. i, 1842, 102. Sciurus belcheri, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x, 1842, 263.

Sciurus suckleyi, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 333.

4. Var. fremonti.

Sciurus fremonti, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Quad. N. Amer. iii, 1853, 237, pl. cvlix, fig. 1. II. SCIURUS CAROLINENSIS, Gmelin.

1. Var. leucotis.

Sciurus cinereus, SCHREBER, Säuget. iv, 1792, 706, pl. ccxii (nec Linné, 1758).
Sc'urus pennsylvanicus, ORD, "Guthrie's Geog. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1815, 292" (melanistic).
Sciurus niger, GODMAN, Am. Nat. Hist. ii, 1826, 133 (melanistic; nec Linné, 1758).
Sciurus carolinensis, GODMAN, Am. Nat. Hist. ii, 1826, 131.

Sciurus leucotis, GAPPER, Zoöl. Journ. v, 1830, 206, pl. xi.

Sciurus vulpinus, DEKAY, N. Y. Zoöl. i, 1842, 59.

Sciurus migratorius, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Quad N. Amer. i, 1849, 265, pl. xxxv. 2. Var. carolinensis.

Sciurus carolinensis, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 148.

Sciurus fuliginosus, BACHMAN, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1838, 96.

3. Var. yucatanensis.

Sciurus carolinensis var. yucatanensis, ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rod. 1877, 705.

NOTE.-In "Monographs of the North American Rodentia", p. 701, exclude from synonyms of var. leucotis, "? Macroxus melania, Gray", and from synonyms of var. carolinensis exclude “? Sciurus deppei”, respecting which see infrà, pp. 881, 885. Variety yucatanensis seems to be a rare form in collections, Mr. Alston stating that the only specimen he has seen being the one I sent him.

III. SCIURUS NIGER, Linné.

1.-Var. niger.

Sciurus niger, Linné, Syst. Nat. i, 1758, 64.

Sciurus variegatus, ERXLEBEN, Syst. Anim. 1777, 421 (in part).

Sciurus rulpinus, GMELIN, Syst. Nat. i, 1788, 147.

Sciurus capistratus, Bosc, Ann. du Mus. i, 1802, 281.

Sciurus rufiventris, M'MURTRIE, Cuvier's An. King. (Am. ed.) i, 1831, 433.
Sciurus texianus, BACHMAN, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1838, 86.

2. Var. cinereus.

Sciurus cinereus, LINNÉ, Syst. Nat. i, 1758, 64.

Sciurus vulpinus, SCHREBER, Säuget. iv, 1792, 772, pl. ccxv, B.

? Sciurus hyemalis, ORD, “Guthrie's Geog. (2d Am. ed.) ii, 1815, 293, 304."

?? Macrozus neglectus, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 425 (locality unknown).

3. Var. ludovicianus.

Sciurus ludovicianus, CUSTIS, Barton's Med. and Phys. Journ. ii, 1806, 43.

Sciurus ludovicianus var. atroventris, ENGELMANN, Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, i, 1859, 329. Sciurus macroura, SAY, Long's Exp. R. Mts. i, 1823, 115.

Sciurus macroureus, GODMAN, Am. Nat. Hist. ii, 1826, 134.

Sciurus magnicaudatus, HARLAN, Faun. Am. 1825, 178.

Sciurus subauratus, BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 87.

Sciurus auduboni, BACHMAN, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1838, 97.

Sciurus occidentalis, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. viii, 1842, 317.
Sciurus rubicaudatus, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 30, pl. lv.
Sciurus sayi, AUDUBON & BACHMAN, Quad. N. Am. ii, 1851, 274, pl. lxxxix.
Sciurus limitis, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 331.

NOTE.-Under Var. ludovicianus, Mon. N. Am. Rod. p. 718, exclude "? TOMES, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861,281 (Costa Rica [lege Guatemala])".

IV. SCIURUS FOSSOR, Peale.

Sciurus fossor, PEALE, Mam. and Birds U. S. Expl. Exp. 1848, 55.

Sciurus heermanni, LECONTE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 149.

V. SCIURUS ABERTI, Woodh.

Sciurus dorsalis, WOODHOUSE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 110 (nee Gray, 1848) Sciurus aberti, WOODHOUSE, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vi, 1852, 220.

Sciurus castanotus, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. vii, 1855, 332 (typ. error for castanonotus).

VI. SCIURUS ARIZONENSIS, Coues.

Sciurus arizonensis, COUES, Amer. Nat. i, 1867, 357.

Sciurus colliai, ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rod. 1877, 738 (exclusive of synonyms, which all belong to the next species, except "? S. leporinus, AUD. & BACH.", which is indeterminable).

NOTE. "Misled by imperfect descriptions and a bad figure of Richardson's type, Mr. Allen has referred the Arizona Squirrel of Dr. Coues to Richardson's S. colliai. He has since kindly intrusted me with a typical example of S. arizonensis; and I find that it is quite distinct from S. colliai (which is Mr. Allen's S. boothiæ), being much more nearly allied to S. carolinensis, from which, however, both Dr. Coues and Mr. Allen consider that it is thoroughly distinct'."—ALSTON, l. c. p. 659. B. SPECIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA.

VII.-SCIURUS GRISEOFLAVUS, (Gray) Alston.

Macroxus griseoflavus, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1877, 427.
Sciurus griseoflavus, ALSTON, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1878, 660.

? Sciurus ludovicianus, TOMES, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1861, 281 (according to Alston, 1. c. p. 660).

NOTE.-Referred by me to my S. leucops. Considered by Mr. Alston "closely allied" to S. arizonensis, of which he suspects "it will

eventually prove to be a southern race. More specimens, however, are required before they can be united; and provisionally I therefore accept S. griseoflavus as a distinct species." My own inclination, in view of Mr. Alston's diagnosis of S. griseoflavus, is to unite them, but I refrain from doing so at present.

Mr. Alston further remarks:-" Mr. Allen considers Gray's M. griseoflavus to be specifically identical with his [Allen's] M. leucops; and the original diagnosis certainly seems to give countenance to such a view. The typical specimens (five in number), however, are very different. "In consequence of my referring Gray's Macroxus griseoflavus to my S. leucops, he quotes the latter as a synonym of S. griseoflavus, Alston, but the specimens I referred to my S. leucops represent his S. variegatus var. leucops.

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VIII. SCIURUS HYPOPYRRHUS, Wagler.

↑ Sciurus variegatus, ERXLEBEN, Syst. Anim. 1777, 421 (in part).

Sciurus hypopyrrhus, WAGLER, Isis, 1831, 610.

Sciurus nigrescens, BENNETT, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1833, 41 (melanistic).

Sciurus colliai, RICHARDSON, Zoöl. Voy. Blossom, 1839, 8, pl. i.

Sciurus variegatoides, OGILBY, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1839, 117.

Sciurus richardsoni, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. x, 1842, 264 (nec Bachman, 1838).
Sciurus boothiæ, GRAY, List Mam. Brit. Mus. 1843, 139 (=S. richardsoni, Gray).
Sciurus griseocaudatus, GRAY, Zool. Voy. Sulphur, 1844, 34, pl. xiii, fig. 2 (animal), pl.
xviii, figs. 7-12 (skull and teeth).

Sciurus fuscovariegatus, SCHINZ, Synop. Mam. 1845, 15 (= 8. richardsoni, Gray).
Sciurus adolphei, LESSON, Descrip. de Mam. et d'Ois. 1847, 141.
Sciurus pyladei, LESSON, Descrip. de Mam. et d'Ois. 1847, 142.

Sciurus dorsalis, GRAY, Proc. Zoöl. Soc. Lond. 1848, 138, pl. vii.

Sciurus rigidus, PETERS, Monatsb. Köngl. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1863, (1864), 652.

Sciurus oculatus, PETERS, Monatsb. Köngl. Preuss. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, 1863, (1864), 653 (formerly referred by me to my "S. colliai" =S. arizonensis, Coues).

Sciurus intermedius, " VERREAUX ", GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 421. Sciurus nicoyana, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 423.

Sciurus melania, GRAY, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 3d ser. xx, 1867, 425 (formerly referred by me, with a query, to S. carolinensis).

Sciurus colliai, ALLEN, Mon. N. Am. Rod. 1877, 738 (the synonyms, except S. arizo

nensis, Cones, but not the specimens, nor the descriptive text).

Sciurus boothiæ, ALLEN, Mon. N. Amer. Rod. 1877, 741 (synonyms, text, and specimens). Sciurus hypopyrrhus, ALLEN, Mon. N. Amer. Rod. 1877,746 (synonyms,—except Macroxus maurus, Gray,-text, and specimens, except the series from Guayaquil and the text relating to them).

NOTE. This species, as at present defined, includes both my S. boothia and S. hypopyrrhus, except certain specimens from Guayaquil described by me under the latter name, which represent, according to Mr. Alston's determination of them, S. stramineus. In uniting my S. boothiæ and S. hypopyrrhus, Mr. Alston confirms a suspicion I had already expressed of their possibly proving identical. I kept them apart mainly from the impression made upon me by the Guayaquil specimens, which I felt pretty sure were specifically different from those I referred to S.

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