of which the nuisance arises is in progress, or is usually carried on. And any justice's order once issued under the said section shall continue in force until the nuisance has been abated, or the work for which the entry was necessary has been done. Section 32. Any ship or vessel lying in any river, harbour, or other water, shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the nuisance authority of the district within which such river, harbour, or other water, is and be within the provisions of the Nuisances' Removal Acts in the same manner as if it were a house within such jurisdiction, and the master or other officer in charge of such ship shall be deemed for the purposes of the Nuisances, Removal Acts to be the occupier of such ship or vessel. But this section shall not apply to any ship or vessel belonging to Her Majesty or to any foreign government. Section 52.-Every vessel having on board any person affected with a dangerous or infectious disorder shall be deemed to be within the provisions of the Act of the 6th year of King George IV., chapter 78, although such vessel has not commenced her voyage, or has come from or is bound for some place in the United Kingdom. ORDERS OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL. The following are the Orders of the Privy Council now in force under the Sanitary or Quarantine Acts : AS TO CHOLERA. Order dated the 3rd day of August, 1871. 1. It shall be lawful for any Custom-house officer or other person having authority from the Commissioners or Board of Customs, at any time, before the nuisance authority or the local authority, as the case may be, to visit and examine such ship as in the clause of the said recited Orders numbered 2 is mentioned, to detain any ship arriving at any port of the United Kingdom in which there is or may have been during the voyage any case of cholera, and the master of such ship shall forthwith moor, anchor, or place the said ship in such position as such Custom-house officer or other person as aforesaid shall order. 2. No person shall after any such detention, and whilst such ship shall be so detained, land from any such ship. 3. Any Custom-house officer, or other person, detaining any ship as aforesaid, shall forthwith give notice thereof, and of the cause of such detention, to the proper nuisance authority, or local authority, as the case may be. 4. Such detention shall cease as soon as the nuisance authority, or the local authority, as the case may be, shall visit and examine the said ship as in the clause numbered 2 of the said recited orders is mentioned, or at the expiration of twelve hours after notice shall have been given to such nuisance authority or local authority as aforesaid. 5. In this Order The terms "ship," 66 66 master," cholera," "nuisance authority," "local authority," shall include and have the meaning assigned to them respectively, in the said Orders of the 29th day of July, and 3rd of this instant August. 6. Every person obstructing any Custom-house officer or other person as aforesaid in carrying this Order into effect or otherwise offending against this Order, shall be liable, on summary conviction, to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds. 7. And the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury are to give the necessary directions herein accordingly. Order dated the 29th day of July, 1871. 1. In this Order The term "ship" includes vessel or boat : The term 66 master includes the officer or person for as in the Sanitary Act, 1866. 2. It shall be lawful for any nuisance authority having reason to believe that any ship arriving in its district comes from a place infected with cholera, to visit and examine such ship before it enters any port, or lands any person or thing in the district, for the purpose of ascertaining whether such ship comes within the operation of this Order. 3. The master of every ship within the district of a nuisance authority having on board any person affected with cholera, or the body of any person dead of cholera, or anything infected with or that has been exposed to the infection of cholera, shall, as long as the ship is within such district, moor, anchor, or place her in such position as from time to time the nuisance authority directs. 4. No person shall land from any such ship until the examination hereinafter mentioned has been made. 5. The nuisance authority shall, immediately on the arrival of such a ship, cause all persons on board of the same to be examined by a legally qualified medical practitioner, and shall permit all persons who shall not be certified by him to be suffering from cholera to land immediately. 6. All persons certified by the examiner to be suffering from cholera shall be dealt with under any rules that may have been made by the nuisance authority under the 29th section of the Sanitary Act, 1866, or where no such rules shall have been made, shall be removed, if their condition admits of it, to some hospital, or place to be designated for such purpose by the nuisance authority; and no person so removed shall quit such hospital or place until some physician or surgeon shall have certified that such person is free from the said disease. 7. In the event of any death from cholera taking place on board of such vessel, the body shall be taken out to sea, and committed to the deep, properly loaded, to prevent its rising. 8. The clothing and bedding of all persons who shall have died, or had an attack, of cholera, on board such vessel, shall be disinfected, or (if necessary) destroyed, under the direction of the nuisance authority. 9. The ship, and any articles therein which may be infected with cholera, shall be disinfected by the nuisance authority. 10. Every person obstructing the nuisance authority in carrying this Order into effect, or otherwise offending against this Order, shall be liable, on summary conviction, to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds. Order dated the 5th day of August, 1871. 1. No master of any ship in which, during the voyage and before the arrival thereof at any port of the United Kingdom, any person has been attacked with or died of cholera shall bring his ship into any such port until he has destroyed the clothing and bedding of all persons who shall so have died or had an attack of cholera on board such vessel during such voyage. 2. In this Order The term "ship" includes vessel or boat: The term "master" includes the officer or person for the time being in charge or command of a ship: The term "cholera " includes choleraic diarrhoea. 3. The terms "clothing and bedding" mean and include all clothing and bedding in actual use and worn or used by the person attacked as aforesaid at the time of and during such attack. 4 Every person offending against this Order shall be liable, on summary conviction, to a penalty not exceeding twenty pounds. 5. The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty's Treasury are to give the necessary directions herein accordingly. The importance of these enactments cannot be overstated, for there can be no doubt that infection and contagion are spread by actual contact with infected persons, and that a most effectual mode of preventing further extension of the disease is to prevent further possibility of contact. This contact may be of the skin, as in scarlet-fever, where the exuviæ pass from the infected persons; or through the atmosphere, as in typhus-fever and exanthematous diseases, where it is connected with emanations from the lungs, skin, and excreta; or with the excreta themselves, as in cholera. It may, however, be through the intervention of linen which has been in contact with the infected person, or saturated with his excretions or through other substances or articles which he has touched, as table utensils, books, letters, materials used in process of trade, carriages, and articles of domestic furniture. It is probable that contact with the body and linen are the most frequent modes of infection, but diligent enquiry should be made as to any other. The extent to which infection may pass through the atmosphere and retain its infectious quality has not been determined, but it is clear that dilution lessens the probability of infection, whilst concentration increases it. Such a problem is thus essentially connected with that of renewal of the air, and the rapidity of the removal of the infected air, but in a moderately ventilated room it may be doubted whether infection in a degree dangerous to health can take place at a distance greater than perhaps six feet from the infected person or article, especially if the infected person be kept to leeward, or not in the line of the air-current from him. SECTION II. IMPURE WATER. The Legislature has made abundant provision for the supply of good water, but has not made it compulsory on the local authority. WATER SUPPLY. PUBLIC HEALTH ACT, 1848. (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63.) Section 75.-And be it enacted that the local board may provide their district with such a supply of water as may be proper and sufficient for the purposes of this Act, and for private use to the extent required by this Act; H |