The Huns ravage the W. Emp. 919 Romanus I. Emperor.

Athelstan, King of England.
Defeats the Scots, Welsh, and]
Danes.

Years after

Christ. 4th PERIOD.

962

996

1009

1048 1053

MODERN HISTORY.

RELIGIOUS.

THE FOUNDATION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY.
Otho, confirms to the See of Rome the donations of Pepin and
Charlemagne.

Concordate between Gregory V. and Otho III. uniting the crowns
of Rome and Germany for ever.
The Saracens ravage Jerusalem.

The Pope now crowned for the first time.

Schism of the Greek and Latin Churches. The Pope excommunicates the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the Greeks. Edward the Confessor, King of England.

1073 Hildebrand, Gregory VII., exalts the Papacy above the Empire. 1076 Submission of the Emperor, Henry IV., to Gregory.

1084

1096

1099

1100

1106

1122

1141

1147 1153 1178

1188

1203

1226

1248

1253

1956

1268 1272

1310

1346

1365 1362

1378

St. Bruno founds the Order of Carthusians.

First Cruzade. Godfrey of Bouillon. Urban II.

Jerusalem taken from the Saracens: Is erected into a kingdom.
The Order of Knights of St John of Jerusalem instituted.
Incorporation of the University of Paris.

Contest in Eng.concerning the Investiture of Bishops. St. Anselm.
First General LateranCouncil; for the Recovery of the Holy Land.
Abelard, St. Bernard, Peter Lombard, Master of the Sentences.
Second Crusade. 1164, Council of Clarendon. Tho. a Becket.
Party of the Guelfs and Gibbelines. University of Cambridge f.
The Pope, Alexander III., sends a Legate into Tartary to Prester
John. Benj. of Tudela. Maimonides.

Third Cruzade. Jerusalem taken by Saladin.

Fourth Cruzade. 1204, The Inquisition founded by St. Dominic.
Persecut.of the Albigenses,or early Reformers. Univ.of Padua f.
The Fifth Cruzade. St. Lewis departs for the Holy Land.
The Univ. of the Sorbonne founded. Mat. Paris. Albert M.
Thomas Aquinas, Roger Bacon.

Loss of the Holy Land by the Christians. Antioch taken.
Foundation of the Academy of Florence. Many similar Societies
formed about this time. Raymond Lully.

Dante. 1340, Petrarch, Boccacio, Chaucer,

Foundation of the Univ. of Valladolid. 1848, Univ. of Prague. Univ. of Vienna and Geneva founded. 87, of Sienna and Cologne. Wickliff exposes the Church of Rome; and prepares the Reformation. His disciples are denominated Lollards, and suffer severe persecution. He translates the Holy Scriptures into English. Great Schism of the Western Church; two Popes claiming the papal dignity, and being severally abetted by different powers. John Huss preaches the Reformation of the Church in Bohemia. 1414 The Council of Constance, condemns the doctrines of Wickliff,| John Huss, and Jerom of Prague; and causes the two latter to be burnt alive.

1418

1407

1452

1480

1500

Last Coronation of an Emperor in Rome Frederick III. Emp. The Inquisition established in Spain, under Ferdinand & Isabella. The Popes acquire the absolute Dominion of Rome. Machiavel. 1513 Leo X., Erasmus, F. Ximenes, Poggio, Lewis Vives, Reuchlin, &c. Luther, opposes the scandalous abuse of Indulgences.

1519

THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS, AND REFORMATION.

1453

1519

1529

1535

1547 1549

MODERN HISTORY.

RELIGIOUS.)

THE REVIVAL OF LETTERS, AND REFORMATION. Luther, Melancthon, Bucer, Zuinglius, Ecolampadius, Calvin, &c. The name of Protestant, first used in the Diet of Spires. 1530, Confession of Augsburgh. 1531, League of Smalkalde. Order of Jesuits founded, by St. Ignatius Loyala. The Reformation established in England, under King Edward VI. The Council of Trent: efforts of the Church of Rome to consolidate its remaining power. Polyd. Virgil, Copernicus, Jul. Scaliger. 1553 Temporary revival of Popery in England, under Queen Mary. Final overthrow of Popery in England, under Queen Elizabeth. Puritans, or Calvinistic Protestants, first appear in England. Massacre of Fr. Protestants; St. Barthol. Heresy of F. & L.Socinus. Pope Gregory XIII. corrects the Calendar. Joseph Scaliger, Tycho Brahe, Torquatus Tasso.

1558

1572

1582

1590

F. Bacon, Ld. Verulam, Father Paul Sarpi, Thuanus, or de Thou, Casaubon, &c. 1605 Conspiracy of the Popish party in England, Nov.5, Guido Fawkes. The Synod of Dort, against Arminius. Joseph Mede, Buxtorf. 1640 Galileo, Grotius, Des Cartes, Gassendi, Bochart, Br. Walton, Marsham, sẻ.

1618

1649 1660

1648 The Peace of Westphalia, or Munster, between the Protestant & Roman Catholic States, confirming the privileges of the former. The Church and State of England subverted. Milton, Selden. The Church and State of England restored. Religion, Learning, & Science, flourish eminently in Brit. The Royal Society founded Robert Boyle, Isaac Barrow, Bishop Pearson, &c. The R. Academy of Inscriptions: 1666, The R. Acad. of Sciences: established at Paris. 1681, W. Penn, founds Pennsylvania. Bishop Burnet, Locke, Archbishop Tillotson, Prideaux, Bossuet, Fenelon, Bishop Sherlock, Bishop Bull, Hyde, Ray, Puffendorf, Herbelot, Bayle, &c.

1663

1688

1752

1769 1789

1804

1810

1811

Sir Isaac Newton, Leibnitz, Wallis, Halley, Flamstead, Cassini. A spirit of sophistry, metaphysical scepticism, and active infidelity, distinguishes the beginning and progress of this century, and prepares the way for the calamities which have so awfully characterised its conclusion. The names of Addison, Butler, Leland, Johnson, Beattie, &c. are consecrated by their opposition to the impieties of Hobbes, Hume, Voltaire, Gibbon, &c. The Calendar is corrected in England, and the Old, or Julian Style, changed for the Gregorian.

Pope Clement XIV.,Ganganelli, suppresses theOrderof theJesuits.
The moral and intellectual disorder of this century at length
produces a General Revolution in Christendom.

The Gallican Church subverted. Monastic orders suppressed.
Civil and religious licentiousness, propagated in Europe.
Ancient Crowns and States extinguished. New Crowns and
Kingdoms erected.

Pope Pius VII. consecrates Napoleon Buonaparte Emperor of
France, at Paris; with whom he enters into a Concordate, for
regulating the Church of France.

The City and Principality of Rome is annexed by Napoleon to the FRENCH EMPIRE.

THE EXTINCTION OF THE PAPAL SOVEREIGNTY. NAPOLEON, having imprisoned Pope Pius VII., convokes a General Council of the Prelates of his Empire, but is disappointed of his purpose.

Years

after

MODERN HISTORY.

Christ. 5th PERIOD.

1493

1509

1519

1547

1553

1558

1564

1588

SECULAR.

Continuation of the Fourth, 1453 Extinction of the Second, or

or GERMAMIC HEAD of
ROMAN EMPIRE.

Henry VIII. King of England, 1522
Sir Tho. More, Wolsey.
Charles V. Emp. 1513, Fran-
cis I. King of France.
Edward VI. King of England,
Mary I. Queen of England.
Elizabeth, Q. of E. Spencer.
Ferdinand I. Emp. Sidney.
Maximil.II. E. Shakspeare.

GREEK HEAD of ROMAN
EMPIRE.

Soliman II. takes the Isle of
Rhodes from the Knights
of St, John of Jerusalem;
who receive the Island of
Malta from the Emperor,
Charles V.

1571 The Turks take the Island of Cyprus.

The defeat of the Invincible Armada, of Philip II. King of Spain, Sir Francis Drake; 1600, East India Company incorporated. 1589 Henry IV. King of France, First of the House of Bourbon, Sully. Henry IV. embraces the Romish Faith; Mayenne, Conde, Coligny. The Edict of Nantes in favour of the Protestants of France. James I. King of England and Scotland; Buckingham, Raleigh. Lewis XIII. King of France; Richelieu.

1595

1598

1603

1610

1619 1625

1643

1653

Beginning of the 30Yrs.war,concldued by thePeace of Westphalia. Charles I. King of England and Scotland, beheaded 1649; Straf ford, Archbishop Laud, Falkland, Hampden.

Lewis XIV. Kg. of Fr. Mazarin, Turenne, Edict of Nantes revok. (Cromwell.) Estab. of the Naval pre-em. of Eng. by the victories of Blake, Monk, Deane, Penn, Lawson, over the Dutch. 1658 Leopold I. Emperor.

1600

1685

1688

1697

1702

1713

Charles II. King of England and Scotland restored. Clarendon,
Ormond, Sir W. Temple.

Janies II. King of Eng. and Scot.: abdicates the Crown, 1688.
William III.(P.of Orange) and Mary II. K. and Q.of E. Ld.Somers.
Peter the Great, Czar of Muscovy; Charles XII. King of Sweden.
Anne, Queen of Great Britain: Union of England and Scotland.
The Peace of Utrecht; Marlborough, Addison.
1714 George I. Elector of Hanover, Arch-Treasurer of the Roman Em-
George II. King of Great Britain. [pire, ascends the British throne.
The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. Frederic III. King of Prussia.
George III. King of Great Britain, &c. begins his long, glorious,
The Peace of Paris; 1774, Lewis XVI. [and exemplary reign.
The Peace of Versailles, between Great Britain, France, Spain,
Holland, and the United States of America.

1727

1748

1760

1763

1783

1789 1792

The Revolution of France: beginning of the miseries of the kingd. Lewis XVI. King of France, his Queen, and Sister, beheaded: End 1793 War with the new State of France. [of the ancient Sovereignty. Union of Great Britain and Ireland: Rt. Hon. William Pitt.

1800

1802

1803

1806

1811

1812

The experimental Peace of Amiens. Height of the Naval and
Asiatic Empire of Great Britain. Admiral Lord Nelson.
Failure of that Peace, and renewal of the War. Malta annexed to
the dominious of Great Britain. 1806, Rt. Hon. C. J. Fox.
Francis II. the last Emp. Fall and Extinction of the 4th, or
GERMANIC HEAD of ROMAN EMPIRE, and title of Augustus.
THE FRENCH EMP. NAPOLEON, Emp. and K. of Italy, &c.
A most splendid Comet appeared in the m.of Sept.,under the seven
conspicuous stars of the Great Bear; singularly answering, in
time and configuration, to that seen 43 yrs. bef. the B. of Christ.
His Royal Highness, Prince Regent, assumes the full Sovereignty
of this Realm.