syllable. The difference between these two forms of the first person plural is this, that when I take Ninawin I exclude the person I am speaking to, but when I make use of Kinahwin I include him, that is, he belongs to the same company or party as I do. In ordinary conversation these pronouns are not used in full; for example, Nindizhahmi and Kidizhahami, we go; but when the speaker wishes to make his expression clear, strong, &c., then he repeats the forms in full using particles as the same, thus, Ninahwin, go, Nindizhahmi, we ourselves are going Kinahwin sah, go, Kiguhizhahmi, we ourselves will or must go. When one or more of the party are selected or spoken of, there is no such change in the Odahwah as is observed in the English or in other languages, for you say, one of us, we simply have puizhig ninahwin or ninahwin puizhig, puizhig kinahwin tuhizhah, one of us will go. Neezh yamah nisswe kinahwui, two or three of us; for or on account of one of us, puizhig kinahwin ondje.

4. On page 485, we are informed that " Mississippi is the Indian name of a large river in America." "It is composed of Missi which in composition words corresponds to Michah, and signifies very great." The first part of this sentence has the appearance of being too positive, and it would be better to qualify it by saying Mississippi is said to be the Indian name, &c., for even now I could not say positively that it is an Indian name. I can only suppose that it was meant for Mashziebe by which name it is known to the Odahwahs. As regards Missi I have been unable to discover any such particle in the Odahwah, either as it stands here or in composition. I presume, therefore, it belongs to some other tribe. Michah is an Ojibwa adjective. The Odahwahs have it Mishah with S, not C, in the middle. Although they frequently make use of the former, but always in composition as an adverbial adjective, as Michahbaweze, he is a stout man; Michahkoze, it is a large tree. Mishah when used alone never varies, but when it forms part of a word it assumes different shapes as in Mashizebe Mishikaikaike, a large hawk; Misahkig, a seal, literally, a large otter, from negiz an otter. Mishah is an inanimate form, and when it refers to an animate object it is written thus, Mindido.

5. Further down on the same page we have " Nibissininewug," inhabitants at Nibissing. There are two ways of writing this word: first, when the name is written fully it stands thus, singular, Nibissiwenine plural, Nibissiweninewug, but when the fourth syllable, we,

is omitted, the last syllable begins with Y not W, namely Nibissinine, plural, Nibissinineyug; therefore, Nibissininewug, as given in the Canadian Journal for November, 1858, is not correct. This rule applies to many other words when contracted, for example, gataahninewug, the ancients take away ah, and we have gatanineyug.

I have now endeavoured to notice the irregularities as they occur in the article under review. I do not, of course, pretend to say that my statements are correct in every respect, but it has been my desire to convey the most correct information on the subject that it is in my power to give.

With regard to verbs, I have thought it proper to add one remark at the end of this paper in reference to the third person, as this part of the Indian verb appears to have peculiarities quite different from the first and second person, singular or plural, and which have been found rather difficult to explain by some persons. In the first place I may state that there are two words which represent he, she, his, hers, and theirs; namely, win and o. Win is always in the singular number, but o is sometimes plural. Whilst the first and second invariably express the personal pronoun, it is always omitted in the third, so far as verbs which do not take a noun after them are concerned, which I suppose are to be regarded in some measure as intransitives, but when a noun can be put after them, O is added to the third person, and win, in some instances: for example, bimosa, he walks, inaindum, he thinks, nibah, he sleeps, ahkoze, he is sick; this is also the case with verbs derived from substantives, as it will be seen from the following-although they govern nouns when translated into English. Naubekwauneka, he builds a ship, from Naubekwaun, a ship; Wigiwameka, he builds a house or dwelling. from wigiwam ; Mahkoka, he hunts after the bear, from Mahkwuh, a bear. We will take others, verbs with their substances: Naubekwaun odozhitoon, he makes a ship; onahgahdaun owigiwam, he leaves his house; mahkurm onisauro, he kills a bear; geizhah, he went; win go geizhah wahdi, he went then himself. Sometimes both win and o are made use of, as win go obedoon, he brings it himself.

The third person also differs in this from the first and second, that where it admits a noun after it, of the masculine or feminine gender, the noun has only one form for singular and plural; thus, mitigoon ogeeshkahwahn, he cut down a tree or trees. Here mitigoon stands for the singular as well as the plural number, as it will appear more

clearly from the following example: puizhig mitigoon ogeeshkahwahn, he cuts down one tree; ningodwahk mitigoon ogegeeshkahwahn, he cut down one hundred trees. With nouns, however, of the neuter gender, similarly governed, there is a distinction between the singu lar and plural, for instance, ahnit, a spear, ahnit odahyaun, he has a spear; ahniteen odahyaunun, he has spears. Strictly speaking, verbs derived from nouns denote the profession or business of a person; thus, naubekwanneka, he builds a ship,-means also his profession or business is to build a ship.

The words win and o which frequently represent the personal and possessive pronouns of the third person, are likewise omitted in the event of an objective case of the first and second persons coming after a verb transitive. These appear to usurp the place of the third person, for example, Ni wahbahrnig, he sees me, Ki wahbahrnig, he sees you. Ni minig, he gives it to me. Here we see Ni and Ki are plural where win and o should be; but when the verb has reference to a case of the third person, then the nominative of the third person keeps its proper place at the beginning of the verb, thus, Owahbahmahn, he sees him or them, Ominahn, he gives it to him. The pronouns of the third person are also omitted in the passive voice, namely, Wahbahmah, he is seen, Nisah, he is killed. Deponent verbs, Nisidizo, he kills himself, Kitchiahpitanimo, he thinks a good deal of himself. Ni wahbahrnig is distinguishable from the first and second persons by its final syllable ig, the first is Ni wahbahmah, I see him. I may here observe that the first and second have invariably the same termination; but the third person does not always agree with these, as it will appear from the following:-Nindahkooz, I am sick, Kidahkooz, you are sick, ahkooze, he is sick; Ningoosah, I fear him, Kigoosah, you fear him, ogoosaun, he fears him or them, ogootaun, he fears it.

The preceding observations, although constituting a mere outline of the subject, will serve to convey a general idea of the more important peculiarities regarding the third person of an Indian verb. If the subject be deemed of sufficient interest, it may perhaps be referred to more fully, in a future communication.

REVIEWS.

North West Territory. Reports of Progress; together with a preliminary and general report on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan exploring expedition, made under instructions from the Provincial Secretary, Canada. By Henry Youle Hind, M. A. John Lovell,

Toronto, 1859.

From the great interest felt by the people of Canada in the North West Territory, and its capacity as a scene of future occupation by industrious settlers, the appearance of Professor Hind's Report on the Assiniboine and Saskatchewan exploring expedition, will be welcomed with a lively curiosity as to its various contents. Nor will such curiosity fail to find much to gratify it in the volume just issued from the press. Topographical and Geological Maps and Sections accompany the letter-press, executed on so large a scale as readily to present to the eye the minutest features that the opportunities of the exploring party enabled them to note; and well executed wood-cuts illustrate the additions contributed to North American Palæontology, by the good use which Professor Hind has made of his very favourable opportunities.

Chapter XVI. introduces the "Geological Report," with a sketch of the surface geology of part of the valley of Lake Winnipeg. Notices of numerous traces of glacial action, follow, with descriptions of many indications of change in the contour of the land. Many records of former water-courses and the aspect of ancient river-valleys have also been noted. Next to the valley of the Qu'Appelle, Professor Hind remarks "the old course of the Little Souris through the depression now occupied by the Back-fat Lakes is the most curious and imposing. Standing upon one of the most prominent of the Blue Hills of the Souris, near their southern extremity, the ancient valley can be traced as far as the first lake, which is distinctly seen by the unassisted eye, and with a good marine telescope its outline is plainly visible." In this as in other localities unheeded changes in the course of rivers have, in comparatively recent times, wrought important alterations on the contour of the region; while at other points, vast, unstable sand-hills and dunes are in constant motion and render extensive ranges of country mere barren wastes.

In the following chapter, as well as in others, exposed sections are figured and described, with their included minerals and fossils. A boldly sketched view on p. 172, exhibits a specimen of exposed cliff at

Grindstone Point, Lake Winnipeg, composed of Chazy Limestone, illustrating the exceedingly picturesque character that generally prevails throughout that Lake Coast. Extracts from the reports and narratives of Messrs. Foster and Whitney, Sir John Richardson, Dr. Owen and other observers, accompany Professor Hind's own notes, and supply many new hints whereby to judge of the mineral resources and the prevailing geological character of this great unoccupied territory. To complete the report in its scientific bearings on the geological aspects of the various districts explored, the services of the American Palæontologist, Mr. F. B. Meek, and of Mr. E. Billings of the Canadian Geological Survey, have been called into requisition; the former describing Cretaceous fossils, and the latter those of the Silurian and Devonian formations. It was impossible, in so rapid an exploratory journey, with many other objects demanding the special attention of the observers, that anything like a complete palæontological series of illustrative specimens could have been secured; but enough has been done in this department to supply interesting materials for comparison with the Nebraska territory, and the rocks of the great basin of the Upper Missouri. Mr. Meek, whose labours in the latter district, are well known to American Geologists, remarks, after a general reference to the collections made by Professor Hind, in proof of the value of this portion of the exploratory party's work: "It is very desirable that a good series of specimens should be obtained from this remote northern locality, not only for the purpose of determining the age of the formation, but for the light they might throw upon far more interesting questions respecting the probable climatic conditions in these high northern latitudes during the Secondary Period." The fossil plants, Acephala, Gasteropoda, and Cephalopoda of the Cretaceous formations are minutely described, and the new species named. From the latter, we select one or two, which we are able to illustrate by means of the well executed wood engravings prepared for the report. Figs. 1, and 2, are Lamellibranchiata procured from their matrix of soft lead gray argillaceous rock, on the Little Souris River, and named after one of members of the exploring party, Anomia Flemingi.

Plate II. is chiefly occupied by large and well executed figures of the Ammonites Barnstoni, the Ammonites Billingsi; and a beautiful variety of the Nautilus, termed the Dekayi; but probably greater interest will be felt by many in the following less showy Productus, supposed to be from carbonifeous limestone, and therefore viewed