(or low condition) indeed may disqualify him, for want of opportu nity, from teaching what is to be done in the administration of public affairs; but it by no means hinders him from inftructing a man how to behave under the like ftroke of poverty. Nay, in every part of life he can still find bufinefs; fo that no fortune, no incumbrance can exclude the action of a wife man: for he does that very thing which restrains him from doing any thing amifs. He is prepared against, and exerts himself in both conditions of life; he moderates the good, and overcomes the bad; he is so disciplined, I fay, that he can fhew forth his virtue, as well in profperity as adverfity; not regarding the fubject of virtue, but virtue itself: therefore neither poverty, nor pain, nor any thing else that usually keeps back the ignorant and unfkilful, or drives them headlong, can hinder the progrefs of the wife man. Do you think him to be preffed down by misfortunes? No, he enjoys them, and turns them to advantage. Phidias could make a ftatue not only of ivory, but of brafs; was you to give him marble, or fome viler ftuff, he would yet form as complete a ftatue as could be made of it; fo a wife man will display himself, if he may, in the management of wealth; if not, in poverty; in his own country, if he can, if not in banishment; as a general, if fuch his appointment; if not, as a common foldier; as a found and hale man, if such his conftitution; if not, as weak and infirm. Whatever his condition of life may be, he will do fomething notable. There are certain men who make it a trade to tame wild. beasts, and who make fierce animals, that terrify us at the fight of them, to bear the yoke; nor are they satisfied with making them throw off their favagenefs, they fo tame them, as to make them fociable: the keeper puts his hand into the mouth of lions, and kiffeth the tyger : the Ethiopian stroller makes the elephant stoop upon his knees, or walk upon ropes (»): like these, the wife man hath the art of taming all manner of evils; pain, want, ignominy, a prifon, banishment, and the like horrible things; all of which become mild and fufferable, under the management of a wife man."" ANNO " ANNOTATIONS, &c. • Muretus obferves, that much is faid concerning this opinion of the Stoics in Cicero's books, de finibus, and in the fifth of his Tufculat Questions; but there is extant a most learned commentary, by Alexander of Aphrodifia, a famous Peripatetic, profeffedly against this magnificent and boastful maxim of the Stoics. Γεῦμα τὴν (a) Guftum tibi dare] Euripides. Teva Thv vv xana. (6) Quicquid interrogationum, i. e. fyllogifmorum] Whatever queftions, i, e. fyllogifms. For fuch as argued scientifically, as the mathematicians, (faith Muretus) laid down their premifes in an abfolute manner, not concerning themselves whether their antagonist would allow them or not; but fuch as argued logically, put queftions to their antagonist, and ufed only fuch pofitions as were granted them, as Socrates frequently does in Plato. Hence thefe dialectic fyllogifins were called questions; wherefore Lucian, bantering after his manner, a certain fophifter, who attempting to write an hiftory made frequent ufe of fyllogifms, faith ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν γὰρ ἐυθύς ἐν τῇ πρωτη περιοδο συνηρήτησε τις αναγινώσκοντας, στα μετά μικρὸν ἄλλος συλλογισμός, στα ἄλλος, καὶ ὅλως ἐν ἅταντι σχηματι συνηρώτητο αὐτῷ τὸ προοίμιον. 3 W (c) Cicero calls thefe fyllogifms, brevia et confectaria Stoicorum, the briefs and corollaries of the Stoics. (d) This word was first restored by Lipfius, Elect. i. 16. it being commonly read laudans.Ladas was the famous running footman of Alexander. His name became proverbial, Lada pernicior. Erafm. 9, 8, 91.-Pauper locupletem optare podagram Ne dubitet Ladas-Juv. 13, 96. (e) Volfcâ de gente Camilla Virg. 7. 803. See alfo Virg. xi. 535, 569. (ƒ) Apyrina vel Apyrena; Plin. 13, 19. as a thing is faid to be anda, without feet, not because it hath no feet, but only fuch as are remarkably small. (8) (b) See Ep. 75. Συμφερτη δ' αρετή πέλει ανδρῶν καὶ μαλα λυγρῶν. I. v. 237. Not vain the weakest if their force unite. Pope. Σμικρά παλαια σωματ' ευναζω ροπή. Soph. (i) Beatum, fed non beatiffimum; happy, but not most happy; and herein, fays Lipfius, they differ from the Stoic. All men truly wife are alike and equal. The chief good is neither diminished nor (k) Quicunque fuerunt fapientes, pares erunt et æquales. Sit fatis et nunquam fucceffu crefcit honeftum. If truth and juftice with uprightness dwell, And honefty confifts in meaning well; If right be independent of success, And conqueft cannot make it more or less. Rowe. Cato op. Lucan. This (1) This principle is moft admirably exemplified in the feigned hiftory and character of Sir Charles Grandifon, by my late friend Mr. Richardfon. troon. "Tis not the appetite Of things that carry horror, makes men valiant, But patient bearing of afflictions, That are neceffitated.Microfm. A&t i. Sc. 5. So a good (m) Sic in Telete; καλῶς τὸ τὸ κυβέρνητε, Αλλ' ἂν γε, ὦ Ποσειδον, ὀρθήν. κ. τ. λ. man may address Fortune, faying, Do as you will, you shall still find that I am a man, and not a polSenec. ad Marc. c. 6. nec gubernatoris quidem artem, tranquillum mare, et obfequens ventus oftendit, adverfi aliquid occurrat oportet, quod animum probet; A pilot cannot display his art in a calm and favourable wind; he must be tried by a storm, which may be fo violent as to overcome his art, without any detriment to his character, as a pilot. (n) The Emperor Galba was advanced into places of trust, before the age appointed by law; during his prætorship, amongst the folemnities and Sports called Floralia, he introduced a new kind of entertainment, which was elephants walking upon the rope. Sueton. in Galba, c. 6. On the Luxury of the Times; and of Hufbandry with regard to the Olive and Vine. IWRITE this, Lucilius, from the famous villa of Scipio Africanus (a), having first paid my devotions to his memory at the altar (6); which I take to be the fepulchre of that great man (c). Nor did I in the leaft doubt but that his foul returned to heaven, from whence it came; not because he was the leader of great armies, (for this is no more than what was done by the furious Cambyfes, and who was fometimes in his rage fuccessful) but for his excellent moderation and piety, which were more admirably confpicuous when he left his country, than when he defended it. Either Scipio must be deprived of Rome, or Rome of liberty (d). I would by no means, fays he, derogate our laws or civil inflitutes. Let every citizen have an equal right; enjoy without me, 0 my country, the good turn I have done you; I have been the cause of your liberty; and will give you a proof of it myself; I leave you, fince I am greater than is expedient for fuch an equality to be preferv'd, as I fincerely wish you to enjoy. How is it poffible for me not to admire fuch great VOL. II. L nefs nefs of foul? He departed into voluntary banishment, and difburthened the city of their apprehenfions on his account; for things were come to that pafs, that either liberty muft injure Scipio, or Scipio liberty. Neither of which was to be done; he therefore gave place to the laws, and retired to Linternum, as willing to afcribe the banishment of himfelf, as of Hannibal, to the commonwealth. I found this his villa built of fquare ftone, and a wood enclofed with a wall; a turret on each fide of the front, by way of bulwark; a large refervoir under the buildings and green walks, fufficient to supply with water a whole army; a bath narrow and fomewhat dark after the antient custom; for our ancestors thought it could not be warm enough, unless it was close. It was therefore a great pleasure to me to reflect upon the custom and manners of Scipio compared with our own. In this little nook was that great man (the dread of Carthage, and to whom Rome was indebted for having once taken it) used to bathe his body, when fatigued with ruftic labours. For he daily exercised himself in husbandry, and tilled the ground with his own hands, as was customary among our forefathers. Under this low and fordid roof stood Scipio. He difdained not to tread fo vile and mean a floor. But who is there in our time that would condefcend to bathe in like manner? A man thinks himself poor and mean, unless the walls are decorated with large and precious emboffments (e); unless Alexandrian marble () is pointed and inlaid with Numidian rough-caft; unlefs a rich and curiously variegated plaiftering be spread upon them in picturesque (b); unless the roof is covered with glafs-work (), unless the Thafian ftone, once reckoned a scarce and rare ornament even in fome temples, now compaís about our ponds; where we bathe our bodies, when enfeebled (k) with much fweating at fome trifling fport; in fhort, unless the water is conveyed through a filver spout (7). I am speaking as yet of common ftoves; but what fhall I fay when I come to speak of the baths of our freed-men? What noble statues! what vaft pillars fupporting nothing; but placed there for mere ornament, and the vain oftentation of of expenec! What large and far-founding cafcades! We are arrived to fuch a pitch of delicacy and extravagance, that we cannot tread but upon precious ftones (m). In this bath of Scipio there are fome chinks rather than windows, cut out of the ftone wall, to let in the light without injuring the ftrength of the building. But now we call the baths math-heufes or dungeons; if they are not fo contrived as to admit the whole day's fun through the moft fpacious windows ("); whereby men were tanned as well as wafhed; and from the bathing veffels they have a profpect both of the meadows and of the fea. So that thofe baths, which, at their first dedication, called together a vaft concourfe of people (0), and filled them with admiration, are now rejected as poor antiquated things; while luxury is daily inventing fome novelty, that must at laft prove its own ruin. Formerly there were but few baths, and thofe not ornamented with any coftly decorations; for to what purpofe is it to adorn a common room, open to any that paid their farthing; and which were built for ufe, not for pleafure? It was not ufual to have the water fprinkled or poured in upon us, nor did it always run fresh, as from a warm fpring; nor did they think it at all material, how clear the water was wherein they were to wash off their filth. But, O ye gods, how delightful was it to go into the baths, dark as they were, and covered over with a common cieling of mortar, which you knew that Cato, when Edile, or Fabius, or fome of the Cornelian family, had tempered with their own hands! For thefe moft glorious Ediles vouchfafed to enter thefe places of public refort to examine whether they were kept clean and well aired with a wholesome and proper heat, not fuch a one as is now ufed, which is more like fire than water: fo that to punish a slave convicted of any heinous crime, you need only to fet him therein, and boil him alive. They feem to me to make no difference between a warm and a fcalding bath. Some would now condemn Scipio for not admitting the fun into his warm baths by large cafements (r), and because he would not be fodden'd in open light; nor regarded whether his meals were fully digeftel |