tion Co., 138-77; Whisenhant v. R. R., 137-349; Davis v. R. R., 132-291; Smith v. R. R. 129-374; Parlier v. R. R., 129-262; Asbury v. R. R., 125568; Morrison v. R. R., 123-414; Whitley v. R. R., 122-987; Tillett v. R. R., 118-1031; Wallace v. R. R., 101-454; Nance v. R. R., 94-619. Medicine sent by express not delivered: Byrd. v. Express Co., 139-273. Insufficiency or defect of brakes: Johnson v. R. R., 81-453; Forbes v. R. R., 76-454. Physician's malpractice: Gray v. Little, 127-304. Defective bumpers on cars: Cowles v. R. R., 84-309. Defective car platform, DeBerry v. R. R., 100-310. Cross-ties piled on street: Kramer v. R. R., 127-328. Escaping steam: Gruber v. R. R., 92-1. Open switches: Haynes v. R. R., 143-154; Hancock v. R. R., 124-224. Live electric wire on public street: Haynes v. Gas Co., 114-203; Mitchell v. Electric Co., 129-166. Defective appliances: Cotton v. Mnfg. Co., 142-528; Hicks v. Mnfg. Co., 138-320; Pressly v. Yarn Mills, 138-410; Walker v. R. R., 135-741; Cogdell v. R. R., 129-401;

Coley v. R. R., 128-534; Troxler v. R. R., 122-902; Turner V. R. R., 119-387; Leak v. R. R., 124-455; Mason V. R. R., 111-482; Hudson v. R. R., 104-491; Warner v. R. R., 94-250; Cowles v. R. R., 84-312; see also under this paragraph defective appliances specified. Defective railroad bed: Wright v. R. R., 122-959, 128-77; Wilkie v. R. R., 127-203; Bean v. R. R., 107-731; Owens v. R. R., 88-502; Hardy v. R. R., 74-734, 76-5. Unhealthy prisons: Shields v. Durham, 116-394; Lewis v. Raleigh, 77-229. Loosened rock left after blasting: Bean v. R. R., 107-731. Incompetent firemen: Brazil v. R. R., 93-313. Derailment of train: Overcash v. Electric Co., 144-572; Marcom v. R. R., 126-200. Employing infant in factory unlawfully: Leathers v. Tob. Co., 144-330; Rolin v. Tob. Co., 141-301. Directing section hand to remove hand car running on schedule of belated train in the face of approaching train: Johnson v. R. R., 122-955. Wanton blowing of whistle frightening team: Stewart v. Cary Lumber Co., 146-; Everett V. Receivers, 121-521; Brendle v. Spencer, 125-478. Failure to keep proper lookout at railroad crossings: Cooper v. R. R., 140-209; Bradley v. R. R., 126-740; Pharr v. R. R., 119-756; Deans v. R. R., 107-686. "Kicking off" cars without proper lookout on end: Allen v. R. R., 145-214; Wilson v. R. R., 142-333; Peoples v. R. R., 137-96; Bradley v. R. R., 126-735. Failing to give employee proper warning of danger: Turner v. Lumber Co., 119-387. Forcing trespasser off of moving train: Hayes v. R. R., 141-195; Lewis v. R. R., 132-383; Cook v. R. R., 128-333; Pierce v. R. R., 124-63. Falling of elevator: Fearington v. Tob. Co., 141-80; Womble v. Gro. Co., 135-474. Obstructing public crossing: Duffy v. R. R. Co., 144-26. Not protecting passenger from assault: Penny v. R. R., 133-223; Seawell v. R. R., 132-859, 133515; Daniel v. R. R., 117-592; Britton v. R. R., 88-536; see also Cogdell v. R. R., 124-306; Hansley v. R. R., 115-602; Tillett v. R. R., 115-662; but see Bowden v. R. R., 144-28; Owens v. R. R., 126-138. Employee asault

ing passenger: Seawell v. R. R., 132-859; 133-515; Palmer V. R. R.,

131-250; Daniel v. R. R., 117-592; see also Cogdell v. R. R., 124-306; Tillett v. R. R., 115-662. Failing to repair telephone pole after notice: Harton v. Tel. Co., 146-; Failing to keep station premises safe for passengers: Mangum v. R. R., 145-152. Failing to take precaution against injuring persons allowed to trespass upon tracks: Beck v. Rwy., 145-.

HOW AMOUNT RECOVERED DISTRIBUTED: According to the statute of distributions of state: Neill v. Wilson, 146-; Vance v. R. R., 138-460; Davis v. R. R., 136-115; Hartness v. Pharr, 133-566; Baker v. R. R., 91-308. University gets it, if no next of kin: Warner v. R. R., 94-250. The provision that the recovery shall not be liable to the debts of decedent refers to decedent's debts and not the debts of distributees: Neill v. Wilson, 146. As to husband's rights in the portion of recovery which would have gone to his wife as distributee had she lived, see Ibid. The rights of claimants of the fund are determined as of the time of intestate's death: Ibid. This section does not authorize a foreign executor to sue on the theory that he is a trustee of an express trust: Hall v. Rwy., 146-.

60. Measure of damages in wrongful death. The plaintiff in such action may recover such damages as are a fair and just compensation for the pecuniary injury resulting from such death.

Code, s. 1499; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 71; R. C., c. 1, s. 10.

WHAT IS "THE PECUNIARY INJURY." Poe v. R. R., 141-525; Carter v. R. R., 139-499; Byrd v. Express Co., 139-273; Pickett v. R. R. Co., 117-616; Kesler v. Smith, 66-154; Burton v. W. & W. R. R., 82504; Coley v. Statesville, 121-301; Meekins v. R. R., 134-217; Mendenhall v. R. R., 123-275; Bradley v. R. R., 122-972; Gray v. Little, 127-304; Russell v. Steamboat Co., 126-961; Burns v. R. R., 125-304; Watson v. R. R., 133-188; Benton v. R. R., 122-1007; McLamb v. R. R., 122-862; Warner v. R. R., 94-259; Collier v. Arrington, 61-356. Mental anguish not considered: Byrd v. Express Co., 139-273.

XIII. SALES OF PERSONALTY.

61. By collector, only on order of court. All sales of personal property by collectors, shall be made only upon order obtained, by motion, from the clerk of the superior court, who shall specify in his order a descriptive list of the property to be sold.

Code, s. 1409; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 17.

62. As soon as practicable. Every executor and administrator shall have power in his discretion and without any order, except as hereinafter provided, to sell, as soon after his qualification as practicable, all the personal estate of his decedent.

Code, s. 1408; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 16. Power to sell at common law; Gray v. Armistead, 41-74; Bradshaw v. Simpson, 41-243; Polk v. Robinson, 42-235; Tyrrell v. Morris, 21-559; see generally, Wooten v. R. R., 128124 and cases below. Sale and pledge of intestate's property for benefit of administrator, effect: Cox v. Bank, 119-302; Weisel v. Cobb, 11823; Liles v. Rogers, 113-202; Dickson v. Crawley, 112-632; Hendrick v. Gidney, 114-543; Dancy v. Duncan, 96-117; Latham v. Moore, 59-167; Wilson v. Doster, 42-231.

63. Public, how made. All sales of personal estate by an executor, administrator or collector shall be publicly made, on credit or for cash, after twenty days' notification posted at the courthouse and four other public places in the county. When any person interested, either as creditor or legatee, on the day of sale objects to the completion of any sale on account of the insufficiency of the amount bid, title to such property shall not pass until the sale is reported to and confirmed by the clerk.

Code, ss. 1410, 1411; 1868-9, c. 113, ss. 18, 19. Publicly made: Davis v. Marcum, 57-189; Pate v. Kennedy, 104-234; Dickson v. Crawley, 112629; but see McDaniel v. Johns, 53-414. Statute is directory: Tyrrell v. Morris, 21-559; Cannon v. Jenkins, 16-422; Wynns v. Alexander, 22-58; Dickson v. Crawley, 112-629. Administrator can not purchase: Gay v. Grant, 101-206; Britton v. Browne, 4-332; Ryden v. Jones, 8-497; Cannon v. Jenkins, 16-423; Villines. v. Norfleet, 17-167; Ford v. Blount, 25-519; Tate v. Dalton, 41-562; Froneberger v. Lewis, 70-456; 79-426; Tayloe v. Tayloe, 108-69; Gordon v. Finlay, 10-239—not even through a third party, Summers v. Reynolds, 95-404; Joyner v. Conyers, 59-78; Ford v. Blount, 25-516; but see Ryden v. Jones, 8-497-but if he does purchase may be ratified by party in interest, Villines v. Norfleet, 17-167; Lyon v. Lyon, 43-201. Creditor consenting to inadaquate price estopped: Cain v Hawkins, 50-192. Sale conducted fairly administrator not chargeable with inadequate prices: Woody v. Smith, 65-116.

64. Private, how made. When personal property shall consist of cotton, tobacco, goods. wares and merchandise; state, national or municipal bonds, or the stocks in incorporated companies, the executor or administrator may, upon application to the clerk of the superior court, obtain an order to sell and may sell such personal property at private sale for the best price that can be obtained, and shall report such sale to the clerk for confirmation.

1893, c. 346. In action on bond of administrator, the price specified as the price received at the sale of securities is not conclusive: Johnson, 144-257.

Moseley v.

65. On credit; how proceeds secured. The proceeds of all sales of personal estate and rentings of real property by public auction or privately shall be secured by bond and good personal security; and such proceeds shall be collected as soon as practicable, otherwise the executor, administrator or collector shall be answerable

for the same.

Penalty if admin"Real property'' Reeves v. McMil

Code, s. 1413; 1893, c. 346, s. 2; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 21. istrator does not comply: Pate v. Kennedy, 104-234. here means leasehold estates belonging to intestate: lan, 101-479; Lee v. Lee, 74-70. Degree of care in taking security: Torrence v. Davidson, 92-437; Davis v. Marcum, 57-109; Deberry v. Ivey,

55-370; Nelson v. Hall, 58-32; Patterson v. Wadsworth, 89-407. Gross negligence to take only bond of purchaser: Roseman v. Pless, 65-374. Sale rescinded when surety insolvent: Bland v. Hartsoe, 65-204.

66. Public, hours of; penalty. All public sales or rentings provided for in this chapter shall be between the hours of ten o'clock a. m. and four o'clock p. m. of the day on which the sale or renting is to be made, except that in towns or cities of more than five thousand inhabitants public sales of goods, wares and merchandise may be continued until the hour of ten o'clock p. m.; and every executor, administrator or collector who otherwise makes any sale or renting shall forfeit and pay two hundred dollars to any person suing for the same.

Code, s. 1414; 1893, c. 346, s. 3; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 22. This section does not apply to private sales: Odell v. House, 144-647. How penalty statutes construed: Alexander v. R. R., 144-93. Penalty for wrongly selling: Pate v. Kennedy, 104-234; but see McDaniel v. Johns, 53-414. See cases under section 63.

67. Evidences of debt, when and how sold. Every executor, administrator and collector, at any time after one year from the grant of letters, shall be authorized to sell at public auction, in the manner prescribed in this chapter, all bills, bonds, notes, accounts, or other evidences of debt belonging to the decedent, which he has been unable to collect or which may be deemed insolvent. Before offering such evidences of debt at public sale he shall file with the clerk a descriptive list thereof, and obtain an order of sale therefor from the clerk, and shall make return of the proceeds of such sale as in other cases of assets.

Code, s. 1412; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 20. This statute only directory: Odell v. House, 144-647. Sales of solvent credits for less than value; effect. Weisel v. Cobb, 118-11; Grant v. Reese, 94-720. Private sale valid, if in good faith: Dickson v. Crawley, 112-629; Gray v. Armistead, 41-74.

XIV. SALES OF REALTY.

68. To pay debts when personalty insufficient. When the personal estate of a decedent is insufficient to pay all his debts, including the charges of administration, the executor, administrator or collector may, at any time after the grant of letters, apply to the superior court of the county where the land or some part thereof is situated, by petition, to sell the real property for the payment of the debts of such decedent.

Code, s. 1436; 1868-9, c. 113, s. 42.

CONSTRUED. Personalty "insufficient:" Mahoney v. Stewart, 123106; Clement v. Cozart, 107-695, 705; Syme v. Badger, 96-197; Speer v. James, 94-417; Sanderson v. Overman, 98-235; Lilly v. Wooley, 94-412;

Blount v. Pritchard, 88-445; Shields v. McDowell, 82-137; Knight v. Knight, 59-134. "Debts:" Long v. Oxford, 108-280; Brittain v. Dickson, 104-547; Robinson v. McDowell, 133-182; Smith v. Brown, 99-377; Bevers v. Park, 88-456; Syme v. Riddle, 88-463; Williams v. Williams, 17-69; Sanders v. Sanders, 17-262-heirs concluded as to validity of, when: Stainback v. Harris, 115-100; Woodlief v. Bragg, 108-571; Long v. Oxford, 108-280; Lassiter v. Upchurch, 107-411; Proctor v. Proctor, 105222; Brittain v. Dickson, 104-547; Smith v. Brown, 101-347; Speer v. James, 94-417; but see Tilley v. Bivens, 112-348; Person v. Montgomery, 120-111; Austin v. Austin, 132-262. Administrator "may apply:" Clement v. Cozart, 109-181; Mfg. Co. v. Brower, 105-440; Pelletier v. Saunders, 67-261-at any time," Clement v. Cozart, 109-173; Brittain v. Dickson, 104-551. "Real property:'' Bruton v. McRae, 125-206; Hinsdale v. Williams, 75-430; Gamble v. Watterson, 83-573; Dickens v. Long, 112-311; see section 72; "Superior Court" defined in cases following, which consider along with section 129 et seq: Johnson v. Futrell, 86-124; Moore v. Ingram, 91-376; Pelletier v. Saunders, 67-264; Springer v. Shavender, 118-42; Brittain v. Mull, 91-504; Haywood v. Haywood, 79-42; Hyman v. Jarnigan, 65-96; McAdoo v. Benbow, 63-461; Hudson v. Cobb, 97-260; Wilson v. Bynum, 92-717-"of county where land or some part thereof situated," Ellis v. Adderton, 88-472.

CASES BEARING GENERALLY UPON STATUTE. Creditor need not be notified: Thompson v. Cox, 53-311. Creditors may apply for sale: Baker v. Carter, 127-94; Lee v. McKoy, 118-518; Clement v. Cozart, 112412, 109-173; Wilson v. Pearson, 102-290; Wilson v. Bynum, 92-717; Fike v. Green, 64-667-but can not be joined with administrator, he representing all creditors, Strickland v. Strickland, 129-84; Webb v. Atkinson, 122683; Dickey v. Dickey, 118-956; Rawls v. Carter, 119-596. Creditors may show devistavit of personalty, Sanderson v. Overman, 98-235; Bland v. Hartsoe, 65-204; Wiley v. Wiley, 63-182; but see Finger v. Finger, 64183; see also section 104, et seq. Heirs may apply for sale: Settle v. Settle, 141-553-may oppose sale, Person v. Montgomery, 120-111; Rogers v. Clements, 92-81—may pay off debts, to prevent sale, James v. Withers, 126-715. Administrator guilty of devistavit, remedy first on bond before selling: Clement v. Cozart, 107-695; Lee v. Beaman, 101-294; Latham v. Bell, 69-135; Carlton v. Byers, 70-691; but see Brittain v. Dickson, 104547. Real estate the secondary fund liable to payment of debts: Hinton v. Whitehurst, 68-316, 71-66; Badger v. Daniel, 79-384; Tuck v. Walker, 106-288; Lee v. McKoy, 118-525. Statute does not apply when will directs sale: Baptist Female University v. Borden, 132-476; Wiley v. Wiley, 61-131-when personalty has been lost by executor: Ibid. Νο devise to persons not in esse can be made that can prevent a sale to pay debts of testator: Carraway v. Lassiter, 139-145. Other cases that merely refer to section; Rhem v. Tull, 35-57; Reade v. Hamlin, 62-131; Evans v. Singletary, 63-205; Wadsworth v. Davis, 63-251; Hardee v. Williams, 65-56; Vaughn v. DeLoatch, 65-378; Stafford v. Harris, 72-198; Allison v. Robinson, 78-222; Williams v. Williams, 85-313; Tillett v. Aydlett, 90-551; Garrison v. Cox, 99-482; Jennings v. Copeland, 90-572; Gilchrist