13. Means of attaining Brevity :-I. The Choice of Words,
14. II. Grammatical forms and usages,

15. III. Rhetorical devices, strictly so called,

...

...

...

46

48

...

...

...

49

16. Brevity in referring to what is well known,

...

...

17. Distinction between principal and subordinate in a sentence,

marked by length of statement,

THE SENTENCE.

1. Order of Words and Number of Words enter into Sentence Law,

THE PERIOD AND THE LOOSE SENTENCE.

2. In a Period, the meaning is suspended until the close,...

3. The periodic form secured by proper placing of qualifiying
adjuncts. Various other means of suspension,

THE BALANCED STRUCTURE.

6. When a sentence is said to be Balanced, ...

7. Balance makes a sentence easier to remember,

8. The balanced form aids Clearness and Simplicity,

9. Also contributes to Energy,

11. Employing the same words in an altered meaning,

12. Repetition of a statement in the obverse,...

13. Play upon words amounting to Epigram,

14. Balance pleases the ear,

DISTRIBUTION OF EMPHASIS.

17. Reference to principles of Order of Words,

18. The subject and the predicate of a sentence not always equally

19. The Principal SUBJECT not to be displaced by accessory or

subordinate matters. It may be situated :—I.

Beginning,

22. The PREDICATS of the Sentence placed according to its im-

PAGE
76

77

23. When either Subject or Predicate contains numerous par-
ticulars, the positions of emphasis fall to the most important,
Examples of the effect of well-placed emphasis,

79

...

...

81

...

27. A sentence must often contain several distinct facts: closeness

of connection being the guide,

28. Punctuation determined by the sentence structure,

THE PARAGRAPH.

1. The Paragraph a collection of sentences, with unity of purpose,

DISTRIBUTION INTO SENTENCES.

2. The sentences to be properly parted off.

Narrative paragraph from Helps,

...

91

Examination of a

...

ib.

EXPLICIT REFERENCE.

3. Bearing of each sentence on the preceding,

4. I. Employment of suitable Conjunctions,

5. CUMULATIVE conjunctions, adverbs and phrases,

6. ADVERSATIVE conjunctions,

7. ILLATIVE conjunctions,

...

:

...

12. Iteration and Explanation dispense with a conjunction,

13. Omission in cumulative statements,

Extract from De Quincey, illustrating Sentence Distribution

and Explicit Reference,

PAGE

PARALLEL CONSTRUCTION.

18. Consecutive sentences giving the same idea to be constructed

alike. Examples from Macaulay and Washington Irving,

INDICATION OF THE THEME.

19. The opening sentence to indicate the scope of the paragraph,.....

22. The nature of the subject determines the plan of sequence.

Examples:-Macaulay, Channing, Hamlet's Soliloquy,

Tennyson's Ode to the Duke of Wellington,

. MARKING OF SUBORDINATION.

...

...

105

108

112

114

115

121

...

ib.

...

23. Principal and Subordinate statements marked,

24. Bulk and prominence should follow importance,

Sentence and Paragraph Laws in Poetry,

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES of the Paragraph :-

Froude's character of Henry VIII.; Mill on Disqualifica-

tions for the franchise; Conington on Pope; Paley's

Sermon on Contentment,

2. Classification of important Figures according to the divisions of

the Human Understanding,

...

...

FIGURES FOUNDED ON SIMILARITY.

SIMILITUDES IN GENERAL.

1. Similarity, or Feeling of Agreement, our chief instrument of

2. Generalizing phenomena falling under the same laws,

3. Comparisons that are literal,

5. For a resemblance to be figurative, the things compared must

6. Distinction in Figurative comparison according as it is intended

for the Understanding or for the Feelings,

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

xiii

PAGE

INTELLECTUAL SIMILITUDES.

7. For the Understanding, the demands are to impart Clearness,

Simplicity and Impressiveness,

...

8. Conditions of Figures in aid of the Intellectual qualities,

...

138

i3.

...

139

9. In Poetry and in Oratory, similitudes are intended to heighten

the emotional effect,

...

...

...

...

...

10. Also to impart a shock of agreeable Surprise,

11. Conditions requisite to intensify the Feelings,

12. Requisites for agreeable Surprise. Special importance of Har-

mony. Intellectual similarity not essential,

EXAMPLES,

13. Comparisons with a mixed effect-intellectual and emotional,

SOURCES OF SIMILITUDES.

14. Similitudes illustrated by a survey of their SOURCES,

KINDS OF SIMILITUDES-METAPHOR.

1. Metaphor a comparison implied in the use of a term. Meta-

phors (1) for the Understanding, (2) for the Feelings,

3. The brevity of the Metaphor leads to Mixing Metaphors,

4. A Metaphor must not be strained,

SIMILE.

...

...

1. Consists in a formal or avowed comparison,

...

3. Tends to become complicated and prolonged. Examples under

A comparison protracted and sustained through numerous

details. The Parable and the Fable. Examples from

comparison of a River to Human History, ...

Detailed review of the Pilgrim's Progress,

PAGE

REMAINING SIMILITUDES.

:-

1. SYNECDOCHE as applied to certain Figures of Similarity :-

(1) Species for Genus; (2) Individual for Species; (3)

Genus for Species; (4) Concrete for Abstract; (5) Abstract

for Concrete,

...

...

182

185

2. Employment of Numbers for things incapable of exact estimate,

3. Use of a name for its most eminent degree,

FIGURES FOUNDED ON CONTIGUITY.

1. The METONYMY-its varieties:-(1) The Sign, or Symbol; (2)

The Instrument for the Agent; (3) The Container for the

thing Contained; (4) An Effect for the Cause; (5) The

Maker for his works; (6) The name of Passion for the

Object,

...

...

...

...

2. The SYNECDOCHE, in its contiguous applications :-(1) Naming

a thing by some Part; (2) Giving the Whole for the Part;

(3) Name of Material for thing made,

ib.

186

1. The human mind affected only by change of impression,

2. Explicit statement of the implied opposite,

3. Contrast of terms generically opposed,

...

4. Limitation of a term by some other term,

5. Contrasts to rouse the feelings, especially in Oratory,

6. In Poetry, contrasts must not be discordant,

1. The Epigram an apparent contradiction to rouse attention,

4. A familiar saying turned in an unexpected way,

5. Use of the Arrestive Conjunctions,

6. The Paronomasia, or Pun,

...

...

...

...