Illinois country followed, and soon the city had a considerable population.*

Liberal inducements were held out in South Carolina to free white laborers, principally those who came from Ireland and Germany to settle the upper districts of that province. The population of Georgia likewise increased, as Governor Wright had now proven the agricultural value of the swamps and lowlands along the rivers and caused the resources of East and West Georgia to be developed. About this time a large number of people settled in this province. In 1764 In 1764 the northern boundary of West Florida was moved from 31° to 32° - the parallel of the mouth of the Yazoo - and this modification caused much trouble in later years to the United States and England.t Louisiana was still under French domination and some emigrants from Canada settled there. According to the treaty of Fontainebleau, the island and city of New Orleans together with all of Louisiana

* See E. N. Lander, Liguest, the Founder of St. Louis, in Magazine of American History, vol. v., pp. 204-210; Elihu H. Shepard, The Early History of St. Louis and Missouri, chap. i.; The Founding of St. Louis, in Magazine of Western History, vol. ii., pp. 302-321; Frederic L. Billon, Annals of St. Louis in its Early Days under the French and Spanish Domination, part i.; Winsor, The Mississippi River, p. 433.

↑ See B. A. Hinsdale, The Establishment of the First Southern Boundary of the United States, in Report of the American Historical Association for 1893, pp. 331-334; Henry E. Chambers, West Florida and its Relation to the Historical Cartography of the United States, in Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, series xvi., No. 5.

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west of the Mississippi was now under Spanish control, but it was by no means acceptable to the Louisianians, and they did everything to show their disgust with the Spanish methods of government, even going so far as to make a show of force to overthrow the government; but their efforts were of little avail, as in 1769 the province was transferred to Spain.*

Virginia, Maryland and South Carolina were experiencing their "golden age" and they advanced both in wealth and population at a rate never before equalled. In 1763 the boundary line between Maryland and Pennsylvania was settled by two English mathematicians, Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon, the line thenceforth being known as the "Mason and Dixon line."+ According to Mr. Hildreth, "Norfolk and Baltimore began to assume the character of commercial towns; Philadelphia and New York, sole ports to a vast back country, were growing fast; Boston had been stationary for twenty-five years, and continued so for twenty-five years to come, chiefly Owing to the fact that the trade and navigation, for a long time almost engrossed by Boston, was now shared

For details see Gayarré, History of Louisiana, vols. ii.-iii.; Ogg, Opening of the Mississippi, pp. 312-342; the documents in French, Historical Collections of Louisiana, vol. v., pp. 129-233, 254288; Martin, History of Louisiana, vols. i.-ii.; Grace King, New Orleans; King and Ficklen, History of Louisiana, pp. 121-128.

See Browne, Maryland, p. 238 et seq.; Sharpless, Two Centuries of Pennsylvania History, pp.

181-182.

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by other towns fast springing up along the sea coast of New England. The harshness and bigotry of former times were greatly relaxed. A taste for literature, science, and social refinement began to be developed. The six colonial colleges received an accession of students. By the efforts of Drs. Shippen and Morgan, both natives of Pennsylvania, a medical school was added to the Pennsylvania College, the first institution of the kind in America.* Even the fine arts were not without native votaries. West and Copley, fathers of American art, both born the same year, had commenced as portrait painters, the one in New York, the other in Boston; but they soon sought in London, a wider field and more extended patronage." According to Mr. Hildreth, the law at this time had assumed the rank of a distinct profession, probably the best known of those then practicing it being Henry, Otist and Dickinson. Henry became famous by his speech in the "Parson's Cause," in December, 1763. Owing to hard times in Virginia, the salaries

of clergymen had been

It is but proper, in this connection, to state, in the language of Dr. Francis, that, "New York is the city in which the first organization of a complete medical faculty was created during our colonial relationship with Great Britain." King's College, in 1767-8, was the first institution in America which conferred the degree of Doctor of Medicine. See Dr. Francis's interesting Address, at the Anniversary of the "Woman's Hospital," February, 1856.

For details see William Tudor, Life of James Otis, p. 23 et seq.

largely reduced, the Assembly passing an act forcing them to share the afflictions of their congregations. The clergymen appealed to the king whe annulled the act and ordered the salaries paid in full, In Hanover parish, the Rev. Mr. James Maury brought suit for his salary, but the people decided to fight the suit. They employed young Henry to plead their cause, and so great was the influence of his eloquence that the jury awarded Maury only one penny damages. Henry immediately became a popular hero. gan to enroll themselves against the designs of Parliament to tax the colonies, they considering that these acts invaded the rights and liberties of the colonists, and they were largely influential in shaping the courses adopted by the various legislative bodies of the colonies.†

At this time the lawyers be

As Washington is so much a part of American history at this period, we shall place on record such facts

* William Wirt Henry, Life, Correspondence an 1 Speeches of Patrick Henry, vol. i., pp. 28-44; Moses Coit Tyler, Life of Patrick Henry, pp. 3249; Wirt, Life of Patrick Henry, pp. 37-49; Hildreth, vol. ii., pp. 508-509; Howard. Preliminaries of the Revolution, chap. v.; Bishop Meade, Old Churches in Virginia, vol. i., p. 217 et seq.; Campbell, Virginia, p. 510 et seq.; Maury, Memoirs of a Hugenot Family; Bancroft, vol. iii., pp. 65-68; Cooke, Virginia, p. 378 et seq.

At this date, "North Carolina contained about 95,000 white inhabitants; Virginia, about 70,000 whites and 100,000 negroes; Maryland. nearly 70,000 whites; Pennsylvania (supposed) 280,000 souls; New Jersey, more than 60,000; Connecticut contained 141,000 whites, about 4,500 blacks, and 930 Indians; Massachusetts, about 240,000 inhabitants. Canada contained about 100,000 souls."-Holmes, Annals, vol. ii., p. 117.

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tentiary, viz. his Sacred Majesty the King of Great Britain, the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord, John Duke and Earl of Bedford, Marquis of Tavistock, &c. his Minister of State, Lieutenant General of his Armies, Keeper of his Privy Seal, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, and his Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to his Most Christian Majesty; his Sacred Majesty the Most Christian King, the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord, Caesar Gabriel de Choiseul, Duke of Praslin, Peer of France, Knight of his Orders, Lieutenant General of his Armies and of the province of Brittany, Counsellor of all his Councils, and Minister and Secretary of State, and of his Commands and Finances; his Sacred Majesty the Catholick King, the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord Don Jerome Grimaldi, Marquis de Grimaldi, Knight of the Most Christian King's Orders, Gentleman of his Catholick Majesty's Bedchamber in Employment, and his Ambassador Extraordinary to his Most Christian Majesty; his Sacred Majesty the Most Faithful King, the Most Illustrious and Most Excellent Lord, Martin de Mello and Castro, Knight professed of the Order of Christ, of his Most Faithful Majesty's Council, and his Ambassador and Minister Plenipotentiary to his Most Christian Majesty.

Who, after having duly communicated to each other their full powers, in good form, copies whereof are transcribed at the end of the present treaty of peace, have agreed upon the articles, the tenor of which is as follows:

Article I. There shall be a Christian, universal, and perpetual peace, as well by sea as by land, and a sincere and constant friendship shall be re-established between their Brittanick, Most Christian, Catholick, and Most Faithful Majesties, and between their heirs and successors, kingdoms, dominions, provinces, countries, subjects, and vassals, of what quality or condition soever they be, without exception of places or of persons: So that the high contracting parties shall give the greatest attention to maintain between themselves and their said dominions and subjects this reciprocal friendship and correspondence, without permitting, on either side, any kind of hostilities, by sea or by land, to be committed from henceforth, for any cause, or under any pretence whatsoever, and every thing shall be carefully avoided which might hereafter prejudice the union happily re-established, applying themselves, on the contrary, on every occasion, to procure for each other whatever may contribute to their mutual glory, interests, and advantages, without giving any assistance or protection,

directly or indirectly, to those who would cause any prejudice to either of the high contracting parties: there shall be a general oblivion of every thing that may have been done or committed before or since the commencement of the war which is just ended.

Article II. The treaties of Westphalia of 1648; those of Madrid between the Crowns of Great Britain and Spain of 1667, and 1670; the treaties of peace of Nimeguen of 1678, and 1679; of Ryswick of 1697; those of peace and of commerce of Utrecht of 1713; that of Baden of 1714; the treaty of the triple alliance of the Hague of 1717; that of the quadruple alliance of London of 1718; the treaty of peace of Vienna of 1738; the definitive treaty of Aix la Chapelle of 1748; and that of Madrid, between the Crowns of Great Britain and Spain of 1750: as well as the treaties between the Crowns of Spain and Portugal of the 13th of February, 1668; of the 6th of February, 1715; and of the 12th of February, 1761; and that of the 11th of April, 1713, between France and Portugal with the guaranties of Great Britain, serve as a basis and foundation to the peace, and to the present treaty: and for this purpose they are all renewed and confirmed in the best form, as well as all the general, which subsisted between the high contracting parties before the war, as if they were inserted here word for word, so that they are to be exactly observed, for the future, in their whole tenor, and religiously executed on all sides, in all their points, which shall not be derogated from by the present treaty, notwithstanding all that may have been stipulated to the contrary by any of the high contracting parties: and all the said parties declare, that they will not suffer any privilege, favour, or indulgence to subsist, contrary to the treaties above confirmed, except what shall have been agreed and stipulated by the present treaty.

Article III. All the prisoners made, on all sides, as well by land as by sea, and the hostages carried away or given during the war, and to this day, shall be restored, without ransom, six weeks, at least, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty, each crown respectively paying the advances which shall have been made for the subsistance and maintenance of their prisoners by the Sovereign of the country where they shall have been detained, according to the attested receipts and estimates and other authentic vouchers which shall be furnished on one side and the other. And securities shall be reciprocally given for the payment of the debts which the prisoners shall have contracted in the countries where they have

been detained until their entire liberty. And all the ships of war and merchant vessels which shall have been taken since the expiration of the terms agreed upon for the cessation of hostilities by sea shall likewise be restored, bona fide, with all their crews and cargoes: and the execution of this article shall be proceeded upon immediately after the exchange of the ratifications of this treaty.

Article IV. His Most Christian Majesty renounces all pretensions which he has heretofore formed or might have formed to Nova Scotia or Acadia in all its parts, and guaranties the whole of it, and with all its dependencies, to the King of Great Britain: Moreover, his Most Christian Majesty cedes and guaranties to his said Britannick Majesty, in full right, Canada, with all its dependencies, as well as the island of Cape Breton, and all the other islands and coasts in the gulph and river of St. Lawrence, and in general every thing that depends on the said countries, lands, islands, and coasts, with the sovereignty, property, possession, and all rights acquired by treaty, or otherwise, which the Most Christian King and the Crown of France have had till now over the said countries, lands, islands, places, and their inhabitants, so that the Most Christian King cedes and makes over the whole to the said King, and to the Crown of Great Britain, and that in the most ample manner and form, without restriction, and without any liberty to depart from the said cession and guaranty under any pretence, or to disturb Great Britain in the possessions above mentioned. His Britannick Majesty his side, agrees to grant the liberty of the Catholick religion to the inhabitants of Canada: he will, in consequence, give the most precise and most effectual orders, that his new Roman Catholick subjects may profess the worship of their religion according to the rites of the Romish church, as far as the laws of Great Britain permit. His Britannick Majesty farther agrees, that the French inhabitants, or others who had been subjects of the Most Christian King in Canada, may retire with all safety and freedom wherever they shall think proper, and may sell their estates, provided it be to the subjects of his Britannick Majesty, and bring away their effects as well as their persons, without being restrained in their emigration, under any pretence whatsoever, except that of debts or of criminal prosecutions: The term limited for this emigration shall be fixed to the space of eighteen months, to be computed from the day of the exchange of the ratification of the present treaty.

Article V. The subjects of France shall have the liberty of fishing and drying on a part of the

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coasts of the island of Newfoundland, such as it is specified in the XIIIth article of the treaty of Utrecht; which article is renewed and confirmed by the present treaty, (except what relates to the island of Cape Breton, as well as to the other islands and coasts in the mouth and in the gulph of St. Lawrence:) And his Britannick Majesty consents to leave to the subjects of the Most Christian King the liberty of fishing in the gulph of St. Lawrence, on condition that the subjects of France do not exercise the said fishery but at the distance of three leagues from all the coasts belonging to Great Britain, as well those of the continent as those of the island situated in the said gulph of St. Lawrence. And as to what relates to the fishery on the coast of the island of Cape Breton, out of the said gulph, the subjects of the Most Christian King shall not be permitted to exercise the said fishery but at the distance of fifteen leagues from the coasts of the island of Cape Breton; and the fishery on the coasts of Nova Scotia or Acadia, and every where else out of the said gulph, shall remain on the foot of former treaties.

Article VI. The King of Great Britain cedes the islands of St. Pierre and Macquelon, in full right, to his Most Christian Majesty, to serve as a shelter to the French fishermen; and his said Most Christian Majesty engages not to fortify the said islands; to erect no buildings upon them but merely for the conveniency of the fishery; and to keep upon them a guard of fifty men only for the police.

Article VII. In order to re-establish peace on solid and durable foundations, and to remove for ever all subject to dispute with regard to the limits of the British and French territories on the continent of America; it is agreed, that, for the future, the confines between the dominions of his Britannick Majesty and those of his Most Christian Majesty, in that part of the world, shall be fixed irrevocably by a line drawn along the middle of the River Mississippi, from its source to the river Iberville, and from thence, by a line drawn along the middle of this river, and the lakes Maurepas and Potchartrain to the sea; and for this purpose, the Most Christian King cedes in full right, and guaranties to his Britannick Majesty the river and port of the Mobile, and every thing which he possesses, or ought to possess, on the left side of the river Mississippi, except the town of New Orleans and the island in which it is situated, which shall remain to France, provided that the navigation of the river Mississippi shall be equally free as well to the subjects of Great Britain as to those of France,