9. The pronoun I, and the interjection O, are written in capitals: as, "I write ;" "Hear, O earth!"

Other words, besides the preceding, may begin with capitals, when they are remarkably emphatical, or the principal subject of the composition.

CHAPTER VIII.

OF PARAGRAPHS.

As every species of composition admits of being divided into paragraphs, it appears to be proper to explain the nature and use of these divisions, more particularly than they have been explained in Chapter VI. page 281. The following rules on this subject will afford the student some instruction.

1. Different subjects, unless they are very short, or very numerous in small compass, should be separated into paragraphs.

2. When one subject is continued to a considerable length, the larger divisions of it should be put into paragraphs. And it will have a good effect to form the breaks, when it can properly be done, at sentiments of the most weight, or that call for particular attention.

3. The facts, premises, and conclusions, of a subject, sometimes naturally point out the separations into paragraphs: and each of these, when of great length, will again require subdivisions at their most distinctive parts. By showing the learner how some of these divisions may be introduced, he will more easily comprehend their nature. They may be expressed in the following manner, or in any other similar forms of expression.-"From this enumeration of particulars, it appears to follow, that," &c. "The natural consequence of this deduction of facts, is," &c. "The legitimate inference from these

premises, seems to be," &c. "From the preceding statement,

we are warranted in concluding," &c.

4. In cases which require a connected subject to be formed into several paragraphs, a suitable turn of expression, exhibiting the connexion of the broken parts, will give beauty and force to the division. This rule will be more intelligible to

the student, by the following phrases, which point out, in a few instances, how separated paragraphs may be connected in sentiment. 66 "This idea was indeed, no more than conjecture; but it was confirmed by," &c. "What has been related is not, in itself, very important; but connected with subsequent facts, it has great weight," &c. "Happy as he appears to have been, in this situation, his felicity was augmented by another event this was," &c. "These are the miseries of vice; let

us now describe the happiness of virtue," &c.

In the following letter, some of the preceding rules respecting paragraphs, are distinctly exemplified: and we present it to the student, as an illustration and confirmation of those rules. To elucidate them all would require a greater number of pages, than can be properly assigned for that purpose in the present work.

66

According to my promise, I now send you the fine sentiments of Addison, upon Gratitude. But before I exhibit this virtue, I shall present you with a few maxims and observations, which, to young persons in particular, are of great importance; and which I am persuaded will meet your most cordial approbation.

Time once past, never returns: the moment which is lost, is lost forever.

He that waits for an opportunity to do much at once, may breathe out his life in idle wishes; and regret, in the last hour, his useless intentions, and barren zeal.

The best preparation for all the uncertainties of futurity, consists in a well ordered mind, a good conscience, and a cheerful submission to the will of Heaven.

The appearances of our security are frequently deceitful. When our sky seems most settled and serene, in some unobserved quarter gathers the little black cloud, in which the tempest ferments, and prepares to discharge itself on our head.

To sensual persons, hardly any thing is what it appears to be and what flatters most is always farthest from reality. There are voices which sing around them; but whose strains allure to ruin. There is a banquet spread, where poison is in every dish. There is a couch which invites them to repose: but to slumber upon it is death.

We should cherish sentiments of charity towards all men. The Author of all good nourishes much piety and virtue in hearts that are unknown to us; and beholds repentance ready to spring up among many, whom we consider as reprobates.

Let him that desires to see others happy, make haste to give

while his gifts can be enjoyed; and remember, that every moment of delay, takes away something from the value of his benefaction. And let him who proposes his own happiness reflect, that while he forms his purpose, the day rolls on, and "the night cometh, when no man can work.'

There is certainly no greater felicity, than to be able to look back on a life usefully and virtuously employed; to trace our own progress in existence, by such tokens as excite neither shame nor sorrow. It ought therefore to be the care of those who wish to pass the last hours with comfort, to lay up such a treasure of pleasing ideas, as shall support the expenses of that time, which is to depend wholly upon the fund already acquired.

THE beautiful piece of Addison, on the duty and pleasure of being grateful to our benefactors, is as follows.

There is not (says he) a more pleasing exercise of the mind, than gratitude. It is accompanied with so great inward satisfaction, that the duty is sufficiently rewarded by the performance. It is not, like the practice of many other virtues, difficult and painful; but attended with so much pleasure, that were there no positive command which enjoined it, nor any recompense laid up for it hereafter, a generous mind would indulge in it, for the natural gratification it affords.

If gratitude is due from man to man, how much more from man to his Maker?-The Supreme Being does not only confer upon us those bounties, which proceed more immediately from his hand, but even those benefits which are conveyed to us by others. Every blessing we enjoy, by what means soever it may be derived upon us, is the gift of HIM, who is the great author of good, and the Father of mercies.

If gratitude, when exerted towards one another, naturally produces a very pleasing sensation in the mind of a grateful man, it exalts the soul into rapture, when it is employed on this great object of gratitude: on this beneficent Being, who has given us every thing we already possess, and from whom we expect every thing we yet hope for.'

I hope that the maxims and observations, and the sentiments on gratitude, which are contained in this letter, will be considered by you of so much importance, as to be worthy of being impressed on your memory.

Yours most affectionately."

CONCLUSION.

HAVING finished the present treatise on the several parts of Grammar, we shall conclude this portion of our work, with expressing a few sentiments, in vindication of the subject and labours in which we have been engaged. These sentiments have been principally taken from Harris's Hermes.

An objector to this system of grammatical rules and principles, may demand, with an air of pleasantry and ridicule,"Is there no speaking then without all this trouble? Do we not all converse together without difficulty, and clearly communicate our ideas; not only the learned, but the unlearned, not only profound philosophers, but also poor and simple peasants?" We may answer, by interrogating on our part; Do not those same poor peasants use the Lever and the Wedge, and many other instruments, with much habitual readiness? And yet have they any conception of those geometrical principles, from which those machines derive their efficacy and force? And is the ignorance of these peasants a reason for others to remain ignorant or to render the subject a less becoming inquiry? Think of animals, and vegetables, that occur eve ry day; of time, of place, and of motion; of light, of colours, and of gravitation; of our very senses and intellect, by which we perceive every thing else; that they are, we all know, and are perfectly satisfied; what they are, is a subject of much obscurity and doubt. Were we to reject this last question, because we are certain of the first position, we should banish all philosophy at once out of the world.

But a graver objector now accosts us. "What (says he) is the utility? Whence the profit, where the gain?" Every science whatever (we may answer) has its use. Arithmetic is excellent for the guaging of liquors; geometry, for the measuring of estates; astronomy for the making of almanacs; and grammar, perhaps, for the drawing of bonds and conveyances.

Thus much to the Interested. If the Liberal ask for something better than this, we may answer and assure them, from the best authorities, that every exercise of the mind upon theorems of science, like generous and manly exercise of the body, tends to call forth and strengthen nature's original vigour. Be the sub

ject immediately lucrative, or not, the nerves of reason are braced by the mere employ; and we become abler actors in the drama of life, whether our part be of the busier, or of the sedater kind.

Perhaps too, there is a pleasure, even in science itself, distinct from any end, to which it may be farther conducive. Are not health and strength of body, desirable for their own sakes, though we happen not to be destined for porters or draymen? And have not health and strength of mind their intrinsic worth also, though not assigned to the pursuits of emolument ? Why should there not be a good, (could we have the virtue to recognise it,) in the mere energy of our intellect, as much as in energies of lower degree?

If there be supposed then a pleasure, a satisfaction, a good, a something valuable for itself without a view to any thing farther, in so many objects of the subordinate kind, shall we not allow the same praise to the sublime objects of the mind? Shall the intellect alone. feel no pleasures in its energy, when we allow them to the gross energies of appetite and sense? Whatever may be urged in behalf of the enjoyment of the senses, we may safely affirm of intellectual good, that is the good of that part, which is most excellent within us; that it is a good accommodated to all places and times; which neither depends on the will of others, nor on the affluence of external fortune; that it is a good which decays not with decaying appetites, but often rises in vigour, when those are no more.

But assuredly, when our enjoyments and powers, whether of the senses, the imagination, or the understanding, are contemplated with gratitude to their Author, the Giver of all good, and employed to promote his will and our own final well being, they answer, in the highest degree, the end for which they were granted to us. By these means they become blessings truly improved, ennobled, and sanctified.