that there had been repeated disturbances, and that the whole people were prostrated in mud and ashes: I, therefore, prevailed upon myself to temporize, considering again that this was a solitary city to be fought against, and that both the fat and liver were greatly injured. There was, moreover, no battle-field for deploying a great army, and I could not do otherwise than beguile them to go out to the Bogue. Then we shall repair our forts, and again endeavour to attack and exterminate them, and recover our old territory of Hong Kong."

To this his majesty replied in an edict, commending him for having driven back the barbarian dogs permitting them to trade on their humiliating themselves in a proper manner-and ordering their extermination in the event of their appearing to presume on the imperial clemency.

The death of the veteran Senhouse, the recall of Captain Elliot, the departure of Sir G. Bremer in bad health, and the arrival of Sir Henry Pottinger and Sir William Parker, the former as plenipotentiary and the latter as admiral of the East India and Chinese station, were now the principal events. The new plenipotentiary immediately on his arrival published a notification, declaring that he would allow no considerations connected with mercantile pursuits, or other interests, to interfere with the strong measures he might find it necessary to adopt for compelling an honourable peace; that he was willing to respect the existing truce, but not for a moment after the slightest infraction of its terms by the Chinese; that the habitual perfidy of the enemy rendered this infraction extremely probable, and that no foreigner, therefore, must put himself or his property in the power of the Chinese authorities, except at his own risk and peril. This frank and spirited document an

nounced, likewise, that the island of Hong Kong would be retained till her Majesty's decision respecting it was known. The truce, it will be observed, merely respected the Canton river, where trade went on as usual; but the main quarrel remained still untouched, and by the 21st of August the fleet was under weigh for the north, and rendezvoused off the harbour of Amoy on the 25th.

The batteries of Amoy, it will be recollected, had “ driven off” British ships on two former occasions, and were, therefore, considered impregnable by the Chinese ; and, indeed, if they had been manned as well as they were built and mounted, their capture would have been extremely difficult. The entrance to the harbour, only six hundred yards wide, was flanked by strong fortifications, and the great sea-line of defence extended for a mile in one uninterrupted battery, built of solid granite faced with turf and mud several feet thick. The fire of the ships upon works like these, though continued for two hours, was not attended with the slightest effect; but on the troops landing, the garrison entered with scarcely an attempt at resistance. The city was abandoned by the enemy during the night, but being too extensive for occupation the British merely left a garrison on the island of Ko-long-soo at the entrance of the harbour, and pursued their voyage northwards.

Chusan had been evacuated by the British, according to Captain Elliot's orders; and the interval had been so busily employed by the Chinese in strengthening the old works, and constructing new ones, that the place could hardly be recognised. The fortifications resembled those of Amoy, an uninterrupted line of battery extending along the sea face, and every eminence commanding the approach to the harbour being planted with cannon; but, owing to the ignorance of the Chinese of

military tactics, their great battery was of no use but in exchanging shots with the ships, while some howitzers, placed on an undefended islet, distracted their attention by shelling the joss-house hill fort. The squadron came into position on the 1st of October, and the troops were disembarked, under a heavy fire from the shore, below some hills, which, when their summits were gained, enabled them to turn completely the whole line of works. The Chinese crowded the heights above, pouring down a continued shower of shot; but nothing could impede the advance of the invaders, who drove everything before them till they reached the walls of the town, which they carried by escalade. The loss of the British in this action was three-men killed, and a few slightly wounded.

Opposite Chusan is the Ta-hae river, with the city of Chin-hae at the entrance, and that of Ningpo higher up; and the reduction of these places was the next object of the expedition. At the entrance of the river is a peninsular rock or mount, two hundred feet in height, crowned with a citadel, which is reckoned the key to the two cities. The isthmus, connecting this mount with Chin-hae, was defended by cannon, and at the city and fronting the river were two batteries; while the walls of the town itself were bristled with guns pointed towards the water. Within those walls, on the present occasion, were said to be three thousand Tartar troops, and the citadel was garrisoned with four hundred. On the opposite bank of the river the principal landing place was defended by batteries, and the heights above were crowned with redoubts, marking a continued chain of entrenched camps, in which the Chinese were posted to the number of ten thousand men.

On the 9th of October, the whole of the squadron was anchored off Chin-hae, and on the following morning an

attack was made by the ships upon the citadel, while the troops were landed upon the opposite bank. The former was steadily battered and shelled till a breach was effected, and the marine forces landing entered at the same moment the garrison was flying towards the city. Waiting only to hoist the union jack on the summit, they rushed after the fugitives, escaladed the walls, and chased the Chinese troops out of the opposite gate. The same success attended the operations on the other side of the river. The forces landed in spite of all opposition, and planted the British ensign on battery after battery, redoubt after redoubt, till the struggle became on the part of the Chinese a flight, and on that of the English a base and brutal carnage. A great body of the fugitives were attempting to make their escape from one column of the assailants by means of a bridge, when they were met by another. "It is not difficult," says a military writer, "to conceive the scene which ensued. Hemmed in on all sides, and crushed and overwhelmed by the fire of a complete semi-circle of musketry, the hapless Chinese rushed by hundreds into the water; and while some attempted to escape the tempest of death which roared around them, by consigning themselves to the stream, and floating out beyond the range of fire, others appeared to drown themselves in despair. Every effort was made by the general and his officers to stop the butchery, but the bugles had to sound the 'cease firing' long and often before the fury of our men could be restrained. The fifty-fifth regiment of Madras rifles having observed that a large body of the enemy were escaping from this scene of indiscriminate slaughter along the opposite bank of the river from the citadel and batteries which the naval brigade had stormed, separated themselves, and pushing across the bridge of boats, severed the retreating column in two;

and before the Chinese could be prevailed upon to surrender themselves prisoners, a great number were shot down and driven into the water and drowned." Four thousand Chinese, it is said, were killed on this day, many of them, it is to be feared, murdered in their flight, by troops who had not lost a score of men since the beginning of the war; and whose casualties on the present occasion were only three killed and nineteen wounded. "Every officer and soldier," says General Gough in his report, "has merited my approbation!" When the butchery was over, the victors amused themselves with cutting off the tails of the captives; and they then proceeded to Ningpo, where one thousand British troops marched unopposed into a city of six hundred thousand souls, playing "God save the Queen," the sailors in the river startling the echoes of the rich and garden-like banks with their answering hurrah!

At the beginning of 1842, detachments of the English troops were comfortably housed at Ningpo, Chin-hae, Chusan, Amoy, and Hong Kong although generally speaking the paucity of their numbers rendered their duties harassing. At Canton, where the populace had been for centuries instilled by the policy of the government with sentiments of hatred and contempt of the Europeans, there was still, of course, much bad feeling; and during the bivouac of the conquering army on the heights above the city, the mandarins had been only partially successful in keeping down the enraged inhabitants. But elsewhere, the Chinese saw in the English only the enemies of their Tartar masters; and immediately on the defeat of the latter, they returned quietly to their houses and occupations. The Tartar soldiery, on the other hand, being identified with the government, felt themselves to be objects not only of warfare but of vengeance, and their