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plained by Natural Selection-Adaptation brought about by General
Laws-Beauty in Nature-How New Forms are produced by Varia-
tion and Selection-The Objection that there are Limits to Variation
-Objection to the Argument from Classification-The Times on
Natural Selection-Intermediate or generalised Forms of Extinct
Animals an indication of Transmutation or Development-Conclu-
sion-A Demonstration of the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
Pages 141-166
VIII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RACES Under the Law
OF NATURAL SELECTION
Wide differences of Opinion as to Man's Origin-Outline of the Theory
of Natural Selection-Different Effects of Natural Selection on
Animals and on Man-Influence of External Nature in the develop-
ment of the Human Mind-Extinction of Lower Races-The Origin
of the Races of Man-The Bearing of these Views on the Antiquity
of Man-Their Bearing on the Dignity and Supremacy of Man-
Their Bearing on the future Development of Man-Summary-Con-
clusion
167-185
IX. THE LIMITS OF NATURAL SELECTION AS APPLIED TO MAN
What Natural Selection can Not do-The Brain of the Savage shown
to be Larger than he Needs it to be-Size of Brain an important
Element of Mental Power-Comparison of the Brains of Man and of
Anthropoid Apes-Range of Intellectual Power in Man-Intellect of
Savages and of Animals compared-The use of the Hairy Covering
of Mammalia-The Constant Absence of Hair from certain parts of
Man's body a remarkable Phenomenon-Savage Man feels the want
of this Hairy Covering-Man's Naked Skin could not have been pro-
duced by Natural Selection-Feet and Hands of Man considered as
Difficulties on the Theory of Natural Selection-The Voice of Man-
-The Origin of some of Man's Mental Faculties, by the preservation
of Useful Variations, not possible-Difficulty as to the Origin of the
Moral Sense-Summary of the Argument as to the Insufficiency of
Natural Selection to account for the Development of Man-The
Origin of Consciousness-The Nature of Matter-Matter is Force
-All Force is probably Will-force-Conclusion 186-214
TROPICAL NATURE AND OTHER ESSAYS
I. THE CLIMATE AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE EQUATORIAL
ZONE
The three Climatal Zones of the Earth-Temperature of the Equatorial
Zone-Causes of the Uniform High Temperature near the Equator—
Influence of the Heat of the Soil-Influence of the Aqueous Vapour
of the Atmosphere-Influence of Winds on the Temperature of the
Equator Heat due to the Condensation of Atmospheric Vapour—
General Features of the Equatorial Climate-Uniformity of the
Equatorial Climate in all Parts of the Globe-Effects of Vegetation
on Climate Short Twilight of the Equatorial Zone-The Aspect of
the Equatorial Heavens-Intensity of Meteorological Phenomena at
the Equator-Concluding Remarks
Pages 217-237
II. EQUATORIAL VEGETATION
The Equatorial Forest-belt and its Causes-General Features of the Equa-
torial Forests-Characteristics of the Larger Forest-Trees-Flowering
Trunks and their Probable Cause-Uses of Equatorial Forest-trees-
The Climbing Plants of the Equatorial Forests-Palms-Uses of Palm-
trees and their Products-Ferns-Ginger-worts and Wild Bananas-
Arums-Screw-pines-Orchids-Bamboos-Uses of the Bamboo-Man-
groves-Sensitive Plants-Comparative Scarcity of Flowers-Con-
cluding Remarks on Tropical Vegetation
238-269
III. ANIMAL LIFE IN THE TROPICAL FORESTS
Difficulties of the Subject-General Aspect of the Animal Life of Equa-
torial Forests-Diurnal Lepidoptera or Butterflies-Peculiar Habits of
Tropical Butterflies-Ants, Wasps, and Bees-Ants-Special Rela-
tions between Ants and Vegetation-Wasps and Bees-Orthoptera
and other Insects-Beetles-Wingless Insects-General Observations
on Tropical Insects-Birds-Parrots-Pigeons-Picaria-Cuckoos—
Trogons, Barbets, Toucans, and Hornbills-Passeres-Reptiles and
Amphibia Lizards-Snakes-Frogs and Toads-Mammalia: Mon-
keys Bats-Summary of the Aspects of Animal Life in the Tropics
270-311
IV. HUMMING-BIRDS: AS ILLUSTRATING THE LUXURIANCE OF
TROPICAL NATURE
Structure-Colours and Ornaments-Descriptive Names-The Motions and
Habits of Humming-birds-Display of Ornaments by the Male-Food
-Nests-Geographical Distribution and Variation-Humming-birds
of Juan Fernandez as illustrating Variation and Natural Selection-
The Relations and Affinities of Humming-birds-How to Determine
Doubtful Affinities-Resemblances of Swifts and Humming-birds-
Differences between Sun-birds and Humming-birds-Conclusion
Pages 312-337
V. THE COLOURS OF ANIMALS AND SEXUAL SELECTION
General Phenomena of Colour in the Organic World-Theory of Heat and
Light as producing Colour-Changes of Colour in Animals produced
by Coloured Light-Classification of Organic Colours-Protective
Colours-Warning Colours-Sexual Colours-Normal Colours-The
Nature of Colour-How Animal Colours are produced-Colour a
Normal Product of Organisation-Theory of Protective Colours-
Theory of Warning Colours-Imitative Warning Colours-The Theory
of Mimicry-Theory of Sexual Colours-Colour as a means of
Recognition-Colour proportionate to Integumentary Development-
Selection by Females not a cause of Colour-Probable use of the
Horns of Beetles-Cause of the greater Brilliancy of some Female
Insects-Origin of the Ornamental Plumage of Male Birds —
Theory of the Display of Ornaments by Males-Natural Selection
as neutralising Sexual Selection-Greater Brilliancy of some Female
Birds - Colour - development as illustrated by Humming - birds -
-Theory of Normal Colours-Local causes of Colour-development-
The influence of Locality on Colour in Butterflies and birds-Sense-
perception influenced by Colour of the Integuments-Summary on
Colour-development in Animals 338-394
VI. THE COLOURS OF PLANTS AND THE ORIGIN OF THE
COLOUR-SENSE
Source of Colouring Matter in Plants-Protective Coloration and Mimicry
in Plants-Attractive Colours of Fruits-Protective Colours of Fruits
-Attractive Colours of Flowers-Attractive Odours in Flowers-
Attractive Grouping of Flowers-Why Alpine Flowers are so Beauti-
ful-Why Allied Species of Flowers differ in Size and Beauty-
Absence of Colour in Wind-fertilised Flowers-The same Theory of
Colour applicable to Animals and Plants-Relation of the Colours
of Flowers and their Geographical Distribution - Recent Views as
to Direct Action of Light on the Colours of Flowers and Fruits-
Concluding Remarks on the Importance of Colour in the Organic
World-On the Origin of the Colour-sense: Supposed Increase of
Colour-perception within the Historical Period—Concluding Remarks
on the Colour-sense. Pages 395-415
VII. THE ANTIQUITY AND ORIGIN OF MAN
Indications of Man's extreme Antiquity-Antiquity of Intellectual Man
-Sculptures on Easter Island-North American Earthworks-The
Great Pyramid-Conclusion
416-432
VIII. THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN NORTH AMERICA
Ancient Shell Mounds-Man Coeval with Extinct Mammalia-Man in
the Glacial Period-Palæolithic Implements in North America-The
Auriferous Gravels of California-Fossil Remains under the Ancient
Lava Beds Works of Art in the Auriferous Gravels-Human
Remains in the Auriferous Gravels-Concluding Remarks on the
Antiquity of Man
433-449
IX. THE DEBT OF SCIENCE TO DARWIN
The Century before Darwin-The Voyage of the Beagle-The Journal
of Researches Studies of Domestic Animals-Studies of Cultivated
and Wild Plants-Researches on the Cowslip, Primrose, and Loose-
strife-The Struggle for Existence-Geographical Distribution and
Dispersal of Organisms-The Descent of Man and later Works-
Estimate of Darwin's Life-Work
450-475
INDEX
476
ESSAYS ON NATURAL SELECTION
B