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et o aperto." But he made other changes, some of which drew upon him much ridicule, though others of them have survived. His revised alphabet as set forth in the 'Dubbii Grammaticali' is as follows (I cannot give the reference, for the work has no pagination): abcdefg che ghkiljm no p grost/uzvç x y th ph h. I italicize the most important letters.

The distinction between the opened and closed e's and o's was violently attacked by Liburnio in his "Dialogue on the letters of Trissino lately invented for use in the Italian tongue," which is

MOUNT ALVERNUS.-Macaulay has the lines in appended to his 'Le Tre Fontane' (Venice, 1526), 'Horatius,' stanza 46 :

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There are several points that require correction or amplification in this query. To begin with, this Trissino type is only part and parcel of the modified alphabet invented and used by Giovan-Giorgio Trissino. Again, it was not used in every one of his writings, nor even in all the various editions. Further, the matter led to considerable controversy, and other scholars tried their hands at alphabet revision. Lastly, MR. KREBS is not altogether accurate in his incidental references to early Italian grammar-making. As I happen to possess most of Trissino's works, I have paid some little attention to this epic poet, lyricist, dramatist, critic, grammarian, and philologer.

In 1524 Lodovico degli Arrighi, a Vicentine well versed in penmanship and a writer of Papal briefs, published at Rome for his fellow-townsman Trissino several works printed in the new characters; but these are even rarer than the first editions and revised editions that in 1529 first began to issue from the press at Vicenza of Tolomeo Janiculo, of Brescia. Nearly all of my copies bear the above date and imprint, and in the reprint of his 'Letter to Clement VII.' and in the first edition of the 'Dubbii Grammaticali' Trissino explains his method, and replies to the arguments brought against him by Agnolo Firenzuola, Nicolò Liburnio, Claudio Tolomei, and others.

The use of the Greek omega is certainly one distinction of the type, but surely MR. KREBS must have noticed another Greek letter, epsilon. As Trissino himself says in the above-mentioned letter to Clement VII., "Le' lettere' adunque', che' io primieramente aggiunsi al' alphabeto, furono e aperto

one of the works on grammar not mentioned by MR. KREBS. The differentiation from the pure u and i of the consonantal v and j has been preserved; but the c with the cedilla for one sound of z, and the division of s into the ordinary and the long s, have failed to hold their ground. One of the most ridiculed of all the changes was the introduction of k for certain hard sounds of c; this, amongst other alterations, fell under the lash of Firenzuola in his 'Discacciamento delle Nuove Lettere,' and was also mocked at by that lively abbot in his scarcely quotable verses beginning "Kandidi ingegni." In one of the earliest editions of his tragedy the Sophonisba' (perhaps the first Italian tragedy) Trissino did not use the new letters, and in the fifth and sixth parts of his 'Poetica,' which were published posthumously in 1562-3, they are again absent. MR. KREBS might have mentioned that the work which stirred Italian scholars to grammar-making, Dante's 'De Vulgari Eloquentia, was first given to the world by Trissino in an Italian translation. This (one of Janiculo's publications in 1529) was issued by Trissino under the assumed name of Giovan-Battista Doria; but controversy raged for many years as to whether the work really was Dante's or a fabrication of

Trissino's.

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The publication of the Latin text by Corbinelli at Paris, in 1577, did not silence the dispute. MR. KREBS has also neglected Bembo's Prose,' which, though not published till 1525 (Venice, Tacuino), was already completed and passed round to that great man's friends in 1512, before the appearance of Fortunio's book. I may observe that other modifications of the alphabet were made by Claudio Tolomei, of Siena, one of Triseino's assailants, and afterwards Bishop of Corsola. The entire discussion was involved in the interminable war as to the correct appellation of what we now call "Italian," viz., Florentine, or Tuscan, or Aulic, or Cortigiano, &c. A subject that filled at least a score of books cannot be

adequately treated in this brief notice.

EDWARD PERCY JACOBSEN.

18, Gordon Street, W.C.

"THE TRIPLE PLEA" (8th S. ii. 527).—I have two engravings-"Sold by John Bowles Print

Seller at the Black Horse in Cornhill" and "Sold
by C. Sheppard, Lambert Hill, Doctors Commons,"
respectively-which are variations of this subject,
with explanatory verses to each as follows:
1. The Triple Plea.

Law, Physick, and Divinity,
Being in dispute, cou'd not agree
To settle, which among them three
Shou'd have the Superiority.

Law pleads he does preserve men's lands,
And all their goods from rav'nous hands:
Therefore of right challenges He,
To have the Superiority.

Physick prescribes receipts for health,
Which men preferr before their wealth :
Therefore of right challenges He,
To have the Superiority.

Then strait steps up the Priest demure,
Who of men's Souls takes care and cure:
Therefore of right challenges He,
To have the Superiority.

If Judges end this Triple Plea,

The Lawyers shall bear all the sway.
If Emperics their verdict give,
Physicians best of all will thrive.
If Bishops arbitrate the case,

The Priests must have the highest place.
If Honest, Sober, Wise Men judge,
Then All the Three away may trudge.
For let men live in peace and love,
The Lawyers tricks they need not prove.
Let them forbear excess and riot,
They need not feed on Doctor's diet.
Let them attend what God does teach,
They need not care what Parsons preach.
But if men Fools and Knaves will be,
They'll be Ass-ridden by All Three.
2. The Triumvirate.

If mankind would but act sincere, The Lawyers tricks they need not fear, Nor need they fear the Doctors Bill, Would they forbear to gorge and swill. That Parson mind not, tho' your Brother, That says one thing and does another But if Men Rogues and Fools will be, They 'll be Ass-ridden by all Three. These lines explain the subject of the painting of the three disputants referred to by your correspondent, but I cannot assist him in connecting it with the inn sign he mentions, unless it be that the inn-holder had a grudge against a local member of one or more of the professions, and so adopted the subject on his sign, and a selection of the verses on his drinking vessels-most likely the two latter ones. HUMPHREY WOOD. Chatham.

THE LETTERS OF JUNIUS (8th S. ii. 481; iii. 49). -In considering Lord Chatham's claims to the authorship of Junius, the following editorial footnote to the first of Poplicola's letters in the fine 1812 edition may well be reprinted :

"This severe invective is aimed against the late Lord Chatham...... The reader, by a perusal of the preceding letters [i. e., those signed "Junius"] is already acquainted with the utter aversion which Junius felt for this noble

man...... His aversion, however, softened as their political views approxmiated, and was at length converted into approbation and eulogy."

If Poplicola's letters, it may be added, are by the hand of Junius, as is generally conceded, their date and matter render Chatham's claims absolutely untenable.

Should Gibbon's claims be further pressed ([ note with what caution MR. EDGCUMBE makes his suggestion), I should wish to set against them certain remarks of his biographer: That "he had no taste or capacity whatever" (shade of Junius!) "for politics"; that "he voted steadily with Lord North" (the minister "every part of whose person," according to Junius, "set natural proportion at defiance"); that "he never approaches to a broad survey of politics, or expresses serious or settled convictions on home or foreign affairs"; that his tone "often amounts to levity, and he chronicles the most serious measures with an unconcern really surprising." So much more evidence might be adduced against Gibbon's claims to share, even in the slightest degree, in the Junius honours, that I might safely hazard the conjecture that, if the names of a hundred tolerably well-known men who frequented London at that period were tossed into a hat and one of them drawn out, his claims would override those of Gibbon. I will only add that Gibbon met Pitt in 1780, and was so discomfited in argument by his young opponent that he took up his hat and left the house in high dudgeon.

While I am far from asserting that Sir Philip Francis has not solid claims to be recognized as Junius, I confess it appears to me incredible that MR. FITZPATRICK'S friend should allow the evidence which could settle a question that had been burning for a century to pass from his hands into oblivion without giving any one else the chance of sharing his convictions.

HOLCOMBE INGLEBY.

In a pamphlet entitled "Reminiscences of the Vaughan Family, and more particularly of Benjamin Vaughan, LL.D., read before the New England Historic Genealogical Society, August 2, 1865. By John Hannibal Sheppard, A. M., Librarian of the Society. David Clapp & Co., Printers, 334, Washington Street, Boston," the following noteworthy passage occurs :—

"Much has been said, and written, touching the author of the celebrated Letters of Junius. The following anecdote may throw some light upon it. While a studentat-law in the office of the Hon. Samuel 8. Wilde, he invited me to dine at his house, where General Cobb, his father-in-law, was making a visit. There was a large party at dinner, among whom was Dr. Vaughan. After the dessert, some one started the oft-mooted question, Who wrote Junius? Various opinions were expressed. Now it must be recollected that this great assassin of character-who had attacked the Dukes of Grafton and Bedford, and also Judge Blackstone and Lord Mansfield, with the keenest satire-was also exceedingly harsh on

Dr. Vaughan's father. At last Dr. Vaughan seemed a little vexed, and evidently wishing to put an end to the conversation, said, 'I know that William Gerard Hamilton was the author of the Letters of Junius.' A dead silence followed and the conversation changed.'

The Dr. Vaughan referred to was possessed of considerable talents and general knowledge. He was private secretary to Lord Shelburne, sat for some time in Parliament as a zealous Whig, and was intimate with Sir Joseph Banks, Mr. Cavendish, Dr. Price, Dr. Franklin, Sir Charles Blagden, Dr. Priestley, Lord Henry Petty (afterward Marquis of Lansdowne), the Marquis De la Fayette, H. G. Riquetti, Comte de Mirabeau, and many other distinguished men of the time. He was confidentially employed in promoting the negotiations for peace with America, and his opinion in the matter of the authorship of Junius is certainly worthy of some respect. Macaulay gives five reasons for his opinion that Sir Philip Francis was the author of Junius; similar reasons may be brought forward, as the writer of the 'Reminiscences' urges, on behalf of William Gerard Hamilton, a man of consummate intrigue and great abilities, and much like Francis in temperament. Sir W. Draper and Dr. Benjamin Vaughan were contemporaries of Junius, and believed Hamilton was the author. Hamilton was chief secretary in the same office with Cumberland, when Lord Halifax was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in 1760 (see Memoirs of Richard Cumberland '). Dr. Benjamin Vaughan's father, Samuel Vaughan, had been charged with bribing, or attempting to bribe, with 5,000l. the Duke of Grafton in order to obtain for a son the lease of an office (Clerk of the Crown) in Jamaica. This charge Samuel Vaughan met with "An appeal to the Public on behalf of Samuel Vaughan, Esq., in a full and impartial narration of his negotiation with the Duke of Grafton, &c., and an appendix relating to the Public Offices in the Island of Jamaica. London, 1770, 8vo."; but this appeal did not, apparently, satisfy the exacting Junius, although, as stated therein,

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"it was well known that Commissions in the Army were publicly sold and in the Navy also privately, a relation of Samuel Vaughan's, although bred up in the army from infancy-a soldier of known worth-wounded also in the service of his country, even this man was obliged to purchased every commission from a pair of colors to that of Lieutenant-Colonel."

That an offer of 5,000l. was made to the Duke of
Grafton by Samuel Vaughan does not seem to
have been denied.
T. T. V.

A correspondent, advocating the supposed claims Lord Chatham, asks, "Why impossible?" Well, for two main reasons.

1. Junius declares himself utterly unknown, stating that he worked single handed. Now, a secret known to two or more dissociated people is no secret at all. If any such two persons are constantly in communication, something will ooze out;

but Junius is still unknown. The process of investigation has been by exhaustion; one by one the claimants are found disqualified by some fatal objection; so at present one only holds the field. 2. Lord Chatham was a public man, much watched; sometimes "in office," often "out of town," and frequently invalided. These drawbacks amount to a disqualification; for, when in office, he could not violently attack any of his coadjutors and remain unknown; his policy was frequently denounced by Junius. Such a public character, in or out of town, could not confer daily with any one outside his immediate circle without detection; and all within his circle have been dismissed already, except one who communicated through the intermediary of a third, well-known man, also a public character.

A. HALL.

MR. EDGCUMBE'S communication foreshadows a possible "spirited revival of the Junius question" as shortly to be expected, and gives the names of twelve persons once suspected of the authorship of the famous letters, but "one after another acquitted, leaving Sir Philip Francis alone in the field." A reopening the case will, no doubt, make room and place for other and new claimants to the mysterious inheritance, and therefore I desire to draw attention to a work entitled 'Junius Discovered,' by Frederick Griffin, of the City of Montreal, advocate. The object of the work, an octavo volume of some 300 pages, was to link the identity of Junius with that of Thomas Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts circa 1760, and from 1767 to 1780 a distinguished member of the House of Commons. The author (Mr. Griffin, now deceased) has shown much industry and research in the collating of his facts, marshals them ingeniously, succeeds in making out a fairly good case for his client, and his book should not be overlooked in the "court of review," which MR. EDGCUMBE leads us to look for, of the "Junius question," interest in which will never flag while the secrecy shrouding the writer of the tenchant letters remains. The book referred to, a very interesting one apart from whatever value it may have "in court," was published in 1854 (Little, Brown & Co., Boston, Mass., and Trübner & Co., London). It is needless to add that the name Pownall is not of those in MR. EDGCUMBE's list of "suspected persons." W. SHANLY.

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unsurpassed in his art"; "Consider who the king your father sends" (Shakespeare, 'Love's Labour's Lost,' II. i. 2). Since the publication of MR. BAYNE'S note the solecism he protests against has been repeated by the editor of the Nineteenth Century (January, 1893) in his article on the late Laureate. We are told at p. 169 that on certain occasions Tennyson spoke openly to whomsoever might be" in his company; and there is a far worse bit of syntax at p. 179, where Tennyson is made by Mr. Knowles's ungrammatical pen to say of a wounded knight " he slowly crawled to whither his brother lay." What a pity the knight did not perform the return journey, so that Mr. Knowles might have penned "from Tennyson's lips" (!) that "he crawled back from whence his brother lay"!

I suppose those who see nothing amiss in such sentences as "I love whomsoever loves you" and "He spoke to whomsoever might be there" are not so silly as to defend "I love whom loves you," "He spoke to whom might be there," &c. The particle-soever, which blinds them to bad grammar, has no more grammatical influence in an English phrase than cumque has in a Latin. An analogy with Byron's "Whom the gods love die young" (Don Juan,' iv. 12) cannot be urged in defence. The analogy would be exact only if the sentence read "The gods love whom die young." If, however, we transpose it into the order "Die young whom the gods love," we see that there is an ellipsis of the antecedent, which is what always happens in the absolute construction of the relative. The phrase of the Saturday Review, as well as of the Nineteenth Century, is an example of this construction, and must be corrected as MR. BAYNE proposes. ADAMANT.

WALNUTS (8th S. ii. 364).—In Thomas Wilsford's 'Nature's Secrets,' 1665, p. 144, it is stated that "great store of walnuts and almonds presage a plentiful year of corn, especially filberds.'

F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

CATHERINE MACAULAY AND EDMUND Burke

(8th S. ii. 527).—If G. F. R. B. will communicate with me I can show him a copy of the pamphlet to which he refers. M. I. F. BRICKDALE.

8, New Square, Lincoln's Inn. FAIR LIGHT-COMPLEXIONED (8th S. ii. 527).— How will this do ?—

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side by side with that dirty fellow?" whereas comes exterior" distinctly means giving the wall and walking outside. J. CARRICK MOORE.

ANGELICA CATALANI (8th S. ii. 485).—On the authority of 'Chambers's Encyclopædia,' s.v., it is said of this celebrated singer

"that the throat from which these wondrous sounds proceeded was physically of such dimensions that a physician, when called to look upon it, declared he could have passed down it a penny roll."

She possessed a magnificent commanding person lani was born in 1780 or 1784, and died at Paris Madame Cataand fine expressive countenance. in 1849. JOHN PICKFORD, M.A. Newbourne Rectory, Woodbridge.

SIEGE OF BUNRATTY (8th S. ii. 468).-Admiral Penn's account is given in Granville Penn's Memorials' of that officer. The affair was well contested, and the victory a credit to the native Irish army, under its general, Lord Muskerry. P. S. P. CONNER.

Philadelphia.

ROMAN BISHOPS' OATH OF SUBSERVIENCE (8th S. ii. 528).-See the 'Pontificale Romanum,' " De Consecratione Electi ad Episcopum ":

"Forma Juramenti.

-

fidelis et obediens ero Beato Petro Apostolo, Sanctæque "Ego N. Electus Ecclesiæ N. ab hac hora in antea Romanæ Ecclesiæ, et Domino Nostro, Domino N. Papæ N. suisque successoribus canonice intrantibus," &c.

It was made imperative that such an oath should be taken in 'Decretal.' Greg. ix. 1. i. tit. vi. "De Electione," c. iv. There is a full examination of the oath in all points in Archbishop Bramhall's 'Works' (passim), with A. W. Haddan's notes. A. C. L. ED. MARSHALL.

If MR. HOOPER will turn to the account of the consecration of Dr. Vaughan as Archbishop of Westminster in the papers of the period-the past summer-he will find the text of this terrific oath. This I state from memory alone, but feel perfectly confident that I myself so read it. And any Roman Catholic paper-such as the Tablet, to wit-will certainly give the whole text.

Barnes Common.

JNO. BLOUNDelle-Burton.

GAELIC (8th S. iii. 47).-EZTAKIT seems to be under a misapprehension as to the words to which he refers. The words are perfectly correct, but they are in the subjunctive mood of the verbs. As regards bhios, this word is a contraction for the longer but more correct form bhitheas, which form, however, is more rarely used than the shorter one. I may say that in both the copies of the Gaelic version of the Scriptures in my possession the form bhios seems to be adopted for the future subjunctive, while the future indicative is, of course, bithiah; e. g., Leviticus xiii. 14, “Ach an uair a

bhios feoil dhearg r'a faicinn air, bithiah e neoghlan," i. e., "but when there shall be red flesh to be seen on him, he shall be unclean," or, as the A.V. has it, "But when raw flesh appeareth in him, he shall be unclean." EZTAKIT will find the contractions, &c., used in the subjunctive of the verb bi referred to in Stewart's 'Gaelic Grammar,' 1879, p. 69, although a complete list is not given.

Glasgow

E. R.

PARGITER, DERING, AND FERRIES (8th S. ii. 448, 517).-I note the suggestion that Dering equates Dearling; if this is true of the Sir Edward Dering, Knt. or Bart., he can hardly have belonged to the Kentish family of Surrenden (A.-S. dearran, German dauern, Latin durus). Henry Dering, of Pevington, son of the first baronet, born 1632, married Peke, and left a son named Edward. Sir Edward, the first baronet, had a brother named Henry, born 1615, so uncle to Henry of Pevington.

A. HALL.

circumflex accent in English type. The accent is rarely, if ever, given to the word by French writers or printers. HENRY ATTWELL.

Barnes.

"ARBATEL" (8th S. ii. 429).-The word I allude to is in origin identical with an astrological term, almuten, which, in the astrological sense, will be found exhaustively explained in the 'New English Dictionary, but in the secondary sense above referred to it has never been bracketed with almuten before, and therefore the following scheme, showing its primarily related and subsequently more and more divergent spellings, should prove as interesting as I believe it to be original:

1. Almutel, in Agrippa and Barrett, who say: "Holy tables and papers likewise serve to this effect, being especially imposed and consecrated, such as the almutel of Solomon," and so or.

2. Almudel of Solomon, in a story called 'Mars being in the Eighth House,' in a Christmas number of the Graphic.

3. "Almadel, Key of Salomon the King, the fourth book, transcribed from the original manu

SALISBURY MISSAL (8th S. ii. 528; iii. 56).When I replied it did not occur to me at the script by Mr. Hockley." See List of Books, chiefly moment that Lord Bute's translation is of the pre-from his Library, now on sale at the prices affixed sent Roman, not of the Sarum Breviary; J. T. F.

Bishop atfield's Hall, Durham.

Lord Bute's translation is of the Roman, not the Sarum Breviary. It may be mentioned that portions of the Sarum Missal and Breviary are still used by Catholic ecclesiastics in Mass and office in England on the feasts of certain English saints, and the York Missal in the same way.

St. Andrews, N.B.

GEORGE ANGUS.

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"TO THREEP" (8th S. ii. 325, 452, 491; iii. 53). -In 'Glossographia Anglicum Novo' I find "Threep (north word), to affirm positively, obstinately, to persist in." This seems more consonant to the sense of the word in the phrase "Ye won't threep that down my throat," than its older meaning, to "convict, refute."

C. A. WHITE. CHALET (8th S. iii. 68).-Littré, in citing Scheler's chaslet (a fictitious diminutive of casa) as the origin of chalet, says he inclines to see in the word a contraction of castelletum. Brachet merely says of chalet that it is Swiss, from the patois of the Grisons. The query suggests the remark that the a of chalet is almost invariably furnished with a

by George Redway.

4. Les Vraies Clavicules du Roi Salomon,' par Armadel, in Catalogue of the Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum.

5. Arbatel of Magick,' translated into English by Robert Turner. Also 'Arbatel de Magia Veterum,' both translation and original, in British Museum Catalogue. J. PLATT, Jun.

I have been hoping to see some reply as to the usage of the word above alluded to; but nothing having yet appeared, I venture to inform your correspondent that, in addition to the German and Latin versions mentioned by him, there is also an English version in the British Museum Catalogue; but instead of being under the correct heading, it is only to be found under that of "H. C. Agrippa," where it is described as translated into English by Robert Turner. W. BROOKS.

ST. CUTHEERT (8th S. ii. 386, 449, 498, 535; iii. 53).-Your correspondent J. T. F. has written to me asking for a reference to any original authoCathedral to St. Cuthbert, or to SS. Mary and Cuthrity for the pre-Reformation dedication of Durham bert. I have mislaid his address; but perhaps you will allow me to refer him in your columns to the list of Northumbrian churches compiled by Prior Wessington (1416-1446), and affixed above the choir door of the Cathedral of Durham. Included in this list is the following: "In Dunelmensi comitatu, Ecclesia Cathedralis Dunelm. S. Mariæ et S. Cuthb. de Cestria similiter." In his tract 'De Orig. Ord. Monach.,' fol. 30, the prior refers to this catalogue as that of "ecclesiæ et capellæ in

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