as owner in fee : THIS INDENTURE made the between A. B. of, &c., of the one part and C. D. of, &c., of the other day of part WHEREAS the said A. B. is seised (among other hereditaments) of the messuage hereinafter described and hereby conveyed for an agreed to sell the same to the said C. D. for £100 Now THIS estate in fee simple in possession free from incumbrances and has INDENTURE WITNESSETH that in pursuance of the said agreement and in consideration of the sum of £100 paid to the said A. B. by the said C. D. (the receipt whereof the said A. B. doth hereby acknowledge) the said A. B. as beneficial owner doth hereby &c., and known as, &c. convey unto the said C. D. ALL THAT messuage or tenement situate TO HOLD the premises unto and to the use of the said C. D. his heirs and assigns [or in fee simple] And the said A. B. doth hereby acknowledge the right of the said C. D. to production and delivery of copies of the following documents of title [mentioning them] and doth undertake for the safe custody thereof IN WITNESS, &c. It will be observed that throughout the deed there are no stops, the commencement of the several parts being indicated by capital letters. The draft conveyance having been approved on behalf of the vendor, it is engrossed upon stout paper or parchment, and there remains only the completion of the sale, which usually takes place at the office of the vendor's solicitor. A purchaser is not entitled to require the vendor to attend personally and execute the conveyance in his presence or that of his solicitor. The practice is for the deed to be previously executed by the vendor and delivered to his solicitor, and for the solicitor to receive the purchase-money on his client's behalf, since a purchaser is, under the C. A., 1881, safe in paying the purchase-money to a solicitor producing a deed so executed, when it contains the usual acknowledgment by the vendor of the receipt of the money. Upon the completion, the documents of title are handed over except in the case above referred to, and any claims between the parties in respect of interest upon the purchasemoney, apportioned outgoings, or otherwise, are settled. The conveyance is, of course, delivered to the purchaser, upon whom rests the obligation of affixing the proper stamp-which he may do without penalty within thirty days after execution (Stamp Act, 1891). It may be added that, subject to any special bargain, which is rarely made, the costs of the execution by the vendor and other parties whose concurrence is necessary, and of any act required to be done by the vendor to carry out his contract, are borne by the vendor. under the power given by the Settled Land Act, 1882). | an undertaking. The foregoing outline of a conveyance Parties are described by their names, addresses, and will be illustrated by the following specimen of a simple occupations or titles, each person with a separate interest, purchase-deed of part of an estate belonging to an absolute or filling a distinct character, being of a separate part. (2) The recitals explain the circumstances of the title, the interests of the parties in relation to the property, and the agreement or object intended to be carried into effect by the conveyance. Where the sale is by an absolute owner there is no need for recitals, and they are frequently dispensed with; but where there are several parties occupying different positions, recitals in chronological order of the instruments and facts giving rise to their connexion with the property are generally necessary in order to make the deed intelligible. (3) It is usual to mention the consideration. Where it consists of money the statement of its payment is followed by an acknowledgment, in a parenthesis, of its receipt, which, in deeds executed since the C. A., 1881, dispenses with any endorsed or further receipt. A vendor, who is the absolute beneficial owner, now conveys expressly as beneficial owner," which words, by virtue of the C. A., 1881, imply covenants by him with the purchaser that he has a right to convey, for quiet enjoyment, freedom from incumbrances, and for further assurance-limited, however, to the acts and defaults of the covenantor and those through whom he derives his title otherwise than by purchase for value. A trustee or an incumbrancer joining in the deed conveys as trustee or as mortgagee," by which words covenants are implied that the covenantor individually has not done or suffered anything to incumber the property, or prevent him from conveying as expressed. As to the operative words, any expression showing an intention to pass the estate is effectual. Since the C. A., 1881, "convey" has become as common "grant," which was formerly used. (4) The property may be described either in the body of the deed or in a schedule, or compendiously in the one and in detail in the other. In any case it is usual to annex a plan. Different kinds of property have their appropriate technical words of description. Hereditaments is the most comprehensive term, and is generally used either alone or in conjunction with other words more specifically descriptive of the property conveyed. (5) The habendum begins with the words "to hold," and the estate, on a sale in feesimple, is limited, as already mentioned, not only to, but also to the use of, the purchaser. Before the C. A., 1881, it was necessary to add, after the name of the purchaser, the words "and his heirs," or "his heirs and assigns,' though the word "assigns" never had any conveyancing force. But since that Act it is sufficient to add "in feesimple" without using the word "heirs." Unless, however, one or other of these additions is made, the purchaser will even now get only an estate for his life. If the property is to be held subject to a lease or incumbrance, or is released by the deed from an incumbrance previously existing, this is expressed after the words of limitation (6) Where any special covenants or provisions have been stipulated for, or are required in the circumstances of the title, they are, as a rule, inserted at the end of the conveyance. In simple cases none are needed. Where, however, a vendor retains documents of title, which he is entitled to do where he sells a part only of the estate to which they relate, it is the practice for him by the conveyance to acknowledge the right of the purchaser to production and delivery of copies of such of them as are not instruments of record like wills or orders of Court, and to undertake for their safe custody. This acknowledgment and undertaking supply the place of the lengthy covenants to the like effect which were usual before the C. A., 1881. A trustee or mortgagee joining gives an acknowledgment as to documents retained by him, but not Leases. Ordinary leases at rack-rents are not generally preceded by a formal agreement, such as is common on a sale of land, or by an investigation into the lessor's title. As a rule, the principal terms are arranged between the parties, and embodied with various ancillary provisions in a draft lease, which is prepared by the lessor's advisers and submitted to the lessee, the ultimate form and contents of the instrument being adjusted by negotiation. If an intending lessee desires to examine the title he must make an express bargain to that effect, for under a contract to grant a lease the intended lessee is not entitled, in the absence of such express stipulation, to call for the title to the freehold (V. and P. Act, 1874). By the Statute of Frauds all leases, except leases for a term not exceeding three years, and at not less than two-thirds of the rack-rent, were required to be in writing. And now by the Real Property Act, 1845, leases required by law to be in writing are void at law unless made by deed. An instrument, void as a lease under the Act, may, however, be valid as an agreement to take a lease; and since the Judicature Act, 1873, under which equitable doctrines prevail in the High Court, a person holding under an agreeS. III. 29 the lessor. holds. ment for a lease, of which specific performance would be granted, is treated in all branches of that court as if such a lease were already executed. Unless otherwise agreed, a lease is always prepared by a lessor's solicitor at the expense of the lessee; but the cost of the counterpart (i.e., the duplicate executed by the lessee) is usually borne by Upon the sale and conveyance of a leasehold property substantially the same procedure is observed as above indicated in the case of a freehold. A few Assignment additional points, however, may be specially of lease- mentioned. Under an open contract the vendor cannot be called upon to show the title to the freehold reversion (V. and P. Act, 1874; C. A., 1881). Accordingly, the abstract of title begins with the lease, however old; but the subsequent title need not be carried back for more than forty years before the sale. The purchaser, apart from stipulation, must assume, unless the contrary appears, that the lease was duly granted, and upon production of the receipt for the last payment due for rent before completion, that all the covenants and provisions of the lease have been duly performed and observed up to the date of actual completion. The appropriate word of conveyance is "assign," and a conveyance of leaseholds is generally called an assignment. The vendor's covenants for title implied by his assigning "as beneficial owner" include, in addition to the covenants implied by those words in a conveyance of freehold, a covenant limited in manner above mentioned, that the lease is valid, and that the rent and the provisions of the lease have been paid and observed up to the time of conveyance (C. A., 1881). Where the vendor, as is the common case, remains liable after the assignment for the rent and the perform ance of the covenants, the purchaser must covenant to pay the rent, and perform and observe the covenants and provisions of the lease, and keep the vendor indemnified in those respects. A mortgage is prepared by the solicitor of the mortgagee, and the mortgagor bears the whole expenses of the transaction. It is seldom that there is any preMortgages. liminary agreement, because (1) a contract to lend money is not specifically enforceable; and (2) inasmuch as the primary object of a mortgagee is to have his money well secured, he is not, generally, willing to submit to restrictions as to title or evidence of title which might give rise to difficulty or expense in the event of a sale of the mortgaged property. An intending mortgagor is accordingly required to show a title easily marketable, and to verify it at his own cost. A mortgage follows the same general form as a conveyance on sale, the principal points of difference being that the conveyance of the property is preceded by a covenant for the payment of the mortgage money and interest, and followed by a proviso for reconveyance upon such payment, and by any special provisions necessary or proper in the circumstances, such as a covenant for insurance and repairs where the security comprises buildings. The covenants for title implied by a mortgagor conveying "as beneficial owner are the same as in the case of a vendor, but they are absolute and not qualified in the manner above pointed out. The beneficial operation of the C. A., 1881, in shortening conveyances is well illustrated by a modern mortgage. For, by virtue of the Act, a mortgagee by deed executed after its commencement has, subject to any contrary provisions contained in the deed, the following powers to the like extent as if they had been conferred in terms: (1) a power of sale exercisable after the mortgage money has become due (a) if notice requiring payment has been served and not complied with for three months; (b) if any interest is in arrear for two months; or (c) there has been a breach of some obligation under the deed or the Act other than the covenant for payment of the mortgage money or interest; (2) a power to insure subject to certain restrictions; (3) a power, when entitled to sell, Settlements. to appoint a receiver; and (4) a power while in possession to cut and sell timber. The Act contains ancillary provisions enabling interest as is the subject of the mortgage, and to give a valid a mortgagee upon a sale to convey the property for such estate or receipt for the purchase-money, and the purchaser is amply protected against any irregularities of which he had no notice. There and mortgagee while respectively in possession, and a power for are also large powers of leasing conferred by the Act upon mortgagor the mortgagor, whilst entitled to redeem, to inspect and take copies of title deeds in the mortgagee's possession. The elaborate provisions for all these purposes which were formerly inserted in mortgage deeds are now omitted; but sometimes the operation of by a mortgagee is the same as in the case of any other vendor. the Act is modified in certain respects. The procedure upon a salo He conveys, however, ". as mortgagee," these words implying only a covenant by him against incumbrances arising from his own acts. The frame of a strict settlement of real estate, which is usually made either on marriage or by way of resettlement on a tenant in tail under an existing settlement attaining twenty-one, has been much simplified; but such settlements still remain the most technical and most complicated of legal instruments. By virtue of the Settled Land Acts, 1882 to 1890, tenants for life and many other limited owners have extensive powers of sale, of leasing, and of doing numerous other acts required in a due course of management. These powers cannot be excluded or fettered by settlors. They are, as a rule, considered in practice to be sufficient, and the corresponding elaborate provisions formerly inserted in settlements are now omitted, the operation of the Acts being merely supplemented, where desirable, by some extension of the statutory powers, in relation, e.g., to the investment and application of capital money. To complete the statutory machinery it is desirable that persons should be nominated by the settlement trustees for the purposes of the Acts. Since the C. A., 1881, provisions for the protection of jointresses or persons entitled under settlements to rent charges or annual sums issuing out of the land are no longer required, as all such persons have now powers of distress and entry, and of limiting terms to secure their respective interests. Terms for raising portions must still, however, be expressly created. The C. A., 1881, also confers large powers of management during the minorities of infants beneficially entitled upon persons either appointed for the purpose by the instrument or being such trustees as are mentioned in § 42. An estate in tail may now be limited by the use of the words "in tail" without the words "heirs of the body' formerly necessary. And a settlor generally conveys as settlor," by which only a covenant for further assurance is implied under the C. A., 1881. Personal settlements are most often made upon marriage. The settled property is vested in trustees, either by the settlement itself, or in the case of cash, mortgage debts, stocks or shares, by previous delivery or transfer, upon trusts declared by the instrument. The normal trusts after the marriage are (1) for investment; (2) for payment of the income of the husband's property to him for life, and of the wife's property to her for life for her separate use without power of anticipation whilst under coverture; (3) for payment to the survivor for his or her life of the income of both properties; (4) after the death of the survivor, both as to capital and income, for the issue of the marriage as the husband and wife shall jointly by deed appoint, and in default of joint appointment as the survivor shall by deed or will appoint, and in default of such appointment for the children of the marriage who attain twenty-one, or being daughters marry, in equal shares, with the addition of a clause (called the hotchpot clause) precluding a child who or whose issue takes a part of the fund by appointment from sharing in the unappointed part without bringing the appointed share into account. Then follows a power for the trustees with the consent of the parents whilst respectively living to raise a part (usually a half) of the share of a child and apply it for his or her advancement or benefit. Power to apply income, after the death of the life tenants, for the maintenance and education of infants entitled in expectancy, is conferred upon trustees by the C. A., 1881. The ultimate trusts in the event of there being no children who attain vested interests are (1) of the husband's property for him absolutely; and (2) of the wife's property for such persons as she shall when discovert by deed, or whether covert or discovert by will, appoint, and in default of appointment, for her absolutely if she survive the husband, but if not, then for her next of kin under the Statute of Distributions, excluding the husband. For all ordinary purposes the trustees have now under various statutes sufficient powers and indemnities. They may, however, in some cases need special protection against liability. A power of appoint ing new trustees is supplied by the Trustee Act, 1893. It is usually made exercisable by the husband and wife during their joint lives, and by the survivor during his or her life. The form and contents of wills are extremely diverse. A will of, perhaps, the commonest type (a) appoints executors and trustees; (b) makes a specific disWills. position of a freehold or leasehold residence; (c) gives a few legacies or annuities; and (d) devises and bequeaths to the executors and trustees the residue of the real and personal estate upon trust to sell and convert, to invest the proceeds (after payment of debts and funeral and testamentary expenses) in a specified manner, to pay the income of the investments to the testator's widow for life or until another marriage, and subject to her interest, to hold the capital and income in trust for his children who attain twenty-one, or being daughters marry, in equal shares, with a power of advancement. Daughters' shares are frequently settled by testators upon them and their issue on the same lines and with the same statutory incidents as above mentioned in the observations upon settlements; and sometimes a will contains in like manner a strict settlement of real estate. It is a point often overlooked by testators desirous of benefiting remote descendants that future interests in property must, under what is known as the rule against perpetuities, be restricted within a life or lives in being and twenty-one years afterwards. In disposing of real estate "devise" is the appropriate word of conveyance, and of personal estate "bequeath." But neither word is at all necessary. "I leave all I have to A. B. and appoint him my executor would make an effectual will for a testator who wished to give all his property, whether real or personal, after payment of his debts, to a single person. By virtue of the Land Transfer Act, 1897, Part I., real estate of an owner dying after 1897 now vests for administrative purposes in his executors or administrators, notwithstanding any testamentary disposition. It remains to mention that by the Land Transfer Act, 1897, a system of compulsory registration of title, limited for the present to the county of London, has been established. (See LAND REGISTRATION.) United States.-Conveyances of real estate in the United States are simple in form, and are often prepared by those who have had no professional training for the purpose. Printed blanks, sold at the law-stationers, are commonly employed. The lawyers in each state have devised forms for such blanks, sometimes peculiar in some points to the particular state, and sometimes copied verbatim from those in use elsewhere. Deeds intended to convey an absolute estate are generally either of the form known as warranty deed or of that known as release deed. The release deed is often used as a primary conveyance without warranty to one who had no prior interest in the land. Uniformity in deeds is rendered particularly desirable from the general prevalence of the system of recording all conveyances at length in a public office. Record books are printed for this purpose, containing printed pages corresponding to the printed blanks in use in the particular state, and the recording officer simply has to fill up each page as the deed of similar form was filled up. One set of books may thus be kept for recording warranty deeds, another for recording release deeds, another for recording mortgage deeds, another for leases, &c. AUTHORITIES.-DAVIDSON. Precedents and Forms in Conveyancing. London, 1877 and 1885.-KEY and ELPHINSTONE. Compendium of Precedents in Conveyancing. London, 1899.ELPHINSTONE. Introduction to Conveyancing. London, 1900. POLLOCK. The Land Laws. London, 1896. (S. WA.; S. E. B.) Conway (or ABERCONWAY), a summer resort, municipal town, and parish in the county of Carnarvon, Wales, 14 miles by rail north-east from Bangor and 225 northwest from London. It is built on the side and at the foot of a hill (800 ft.) at the mouth of the river Conway, with Great Orme's Head and Llandudno 4 miles to the north. The river is crossed by two bridges a tubular railway bridge, similar to that at Menai and only 40 feet shorter, built by Stephenson in 1846-48, and a handsome suspension bridge, designed by Telford and built of white stone, in keeping with the castle, in 1822-26. One of the old houses of the town, the Elizabethan Plas Mawr, Art. There are still a few fragments of the Cistercian is the headquarters of the Royal Cambrian Academy of abbey founded in 1185. The principal public buildings are the guildhall and the market hall; and there are a new bronze fountain, a convalescent home for children, and golf links. Area of the parish, 2437 acres; of the municipal borough, 3312 acres. Population of borough 30 miles long, drains the beautiful Vale of Conway, in (1891), 3442; (1901), 4660. The river Conway, about which stand Bettws-y-Coed, Llanrwst, and Trefriw, the last-named a favourite artists' haunt. Cooch (or Kuch) Behar, a native state of India, in Bengal, a submontane tract, not far from Darjiling, entirely surrounded by British territory. Area, 1307 sq. m. Population (1881), 602,624; (1901), 567,037. The gross revenue in 1897-98 was Rs.22,39,668. The present Maharaja, Nripendra Narayan, G.C.I.E., was born in 1862 and educated under British guardianship at Patna and Calcutta. He is Hon. Lieutenant-Colonel of the 6th Bengal Cavalry. In 1897-98 he served in the Tiraḥ campaign on the staff of General Yeatman-Biggs, and received the distinction of a C.B. In 1878 he married a daughter of Keshub Chundra Sen, the Brahmo leader. His eldest son has been educated in England. Among other improvements, a railway has been constructed, with the assistance of a loan from the British Government, for a length of 22 miles, which is now being extended for a farther 12 miles. The earthquake of 12th June 1897 caused damage to public buildings, roads, &c., in the state to the estimated amount of Rs.15,00,000. The town of COOCH BEHAR is situated on the river Torsha, and has a railway station; population, 9535. Cook, Eliza (1818-1889), English author, was born in 1818, in Southwark, being the daughter of a local tradesman. She was self-taught, and began when a girl to write poetry for such periodicals as the Weekly Dispatch and New Monthly. In 1840 she published Melaia and other Poems, and from 1849 to 1854 conducted a paper for the family called Eliza Cook's Journal. She also published Jottings for my Journal (1860), and New Echoes (1864); and in 1864 she was given a Civil List pension of £100 a year. As the author of a single poem, "The Old Armchair," Eliza Cook's name was for a generation after 1838 a household word both in England and in America, her kindly domestic sentiment making her a great favourite with the working-class and middle-class public. She died at Wimbledon, 25th September 1889. Cook, Thomas (1808-1892), travelling agent, was born at Melbourne in Derbyshire on 22nd November 1808. Beginning work at the age of ten, he was successively a gardener's help and a wood-turner at Melbourne, and a printer at Loughborough. At the age of twenty he became a Bible-reader and village missionary for the county of Rutland; but in 1832, on his marriage, combined his wood-turning business with that occupation. In 1840 he became actively associated with the temperance movement, and printed at his own expense various publications in its interest, notably the Children's Temperance Magazine, the first of its kind to appear in England. In June 1841 a large meeting was to be held at Loughborough in connexion with this movement, and Cook was struck with the idea of getting the railway company to run a special train from Leicester to the meeting. The company consented, and on 5th July there were carried 570 passengers from Leicester to Loughborough and back at a shilling a head. This is believed to be the first publiclyadvertised excursion train ever run in England-private specials," reserved for members of institutes and similar bodies, were already in use. The event caused great excitement, and Cook received so many applications to organize similar parties that he henceforward deserted wood-turning, while continuing his printing and publishing. The summers of the next three years were occupied with excursions like the first; but in 1845 Cook advertised a pleasure-trip on a more extensive scale, from Leicester to Liverpool and back, with opportunities for visiting the Isle of Man, Dublin, and Welsh coast. A Handbook of the Trip to Liverpool was supplied for the use of travellers. A trip to Scotland followed, and the excursionists were received in Glasgow with music and salute of guns. The next great impetus to popular travel was given by the Great Exhibition of 1851, which Cook helped 165,000 visitors to attend. On the occasion of the Paris exhibition of 1855 there was a Cook's excursion from Leicester to Calais and back for £1, 10s. The following year saw the first grand circular tour in Europe. This part of Cook's activity largely increased after 1863, when the Scottish railway managers broke off their engagements with him, and left him free for more distant enterprise. Switzerland was opened up in 1863, and Italy in 1864. Up to this time "Cook's tourists" had been personally conducted, but now he began to be an agent for the sale of English and foreign tickets, the holders of which travelled independently. Switzerland was the first foreign country accessible under these conditions, and in 1865 nearly the whole of Europe was included in the scheme. Its extension to the United States followed in 1866. For the benefit of visitors to the Paris exhibition, Cook made a fresh departure and leased a hotel there. In the same year began his system of "hotel-coupons," providing accommodation at a fixed charge. The year 1869 was marked by an extension of Cook's tours to Palestine, followed by further developments of travel in the East, his son, John Mason Cook, being appointed in 1870 agent of the Khedivial Government for passenger traffic on the Nile. The Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 was expected to damage the tourist system, but, as a matter of fact, encouraged it, through the demand for combination, international tickets enabling travellers to reach the south of Europe without crossing the belligerent countries. At the termination of the war a party of American freemasons visited Paris under Mr J. M. Cook's guidance, and became the precursors of the present vast American tourist traffic. At the beginning of 1872 Mr J. M. Cook entered into formal partnership with his father, and the firm first took its well-known appellation of Thomas Cook and Son. In 1882, on the outbreak of Arabi Pasha's rebellion, Cook and Son were commissioned to convey Sir Garnet Wolseley and his suite to Egypt, and to transport the wounded and sick up the Nile by water, for which they received the thanks of the War Office. The firm was again employed in 1884 to convey General Gordon to the Sudan, and the whole of the men (18,000) and stores necessary for the expedition afterwards sent to relieve him. In 1889 Cook and Son acquired the exclusive right of carrying the mails, specie, soldiers, and officials of the Egyptian Government along the Nile. In 1891 the firm celebrated its jubilee, and on 19th July of the following year Thomas Cook died. He had been afflicted with blindness in his declining years. (J. M'F.) Cook or Hervey Islands, a Polynesian archipelago lying about the Tropic of Capricorn, some 700 miles south by east of Samoa, mainly between 150°–160° E. long. It comprises ten partly volcanic, partly coralline, islands, the more important of which are Rarotonga, hilly, fertile, and well watered, with several cones 300 to 400 | feet high, above which towers the majestic Rarotonga volcano (4000 feet), the culminating point of the archipelago; Mangaia (Mangia); Aitaluki, with luxuriant cocoanut palm groves; Atui (Vatui); Mitiero; Mauki; Fenuaiti; and the two Hervey islets, which give an alternative name to the group. The total area is 142 square miles, and the population in 1900 was 8400. Owing to its healthy, equable climate, the archipelago is well suited for European settlement; but the dangerous fringing coral reefs render it difficult of access, and it suffers also from the absence of good harbours. The natives, who are of Polynesian stock and speech, are nearly all Protestants, and since 1890 have enjoyed a general Legislature and an Executive Council, of which the Arikis ("Kings" and "Queens") are members. But all enactments are subject to the approval of the British Resident at Rarotonga, and a British Protectorate, proclaimed in 1888, was followed by the annexation of the whole archipelago by the Governor of New Zealand in November 1900. in the county of Banks, at the mouth of the Endeavour Cooktown, a seaport in Queensland, Australia, river, about 1050 miles north-west of Brisbane. It is visited by the ocean steamers of several lines, and is the centre of a very extensive bêche de mer and pearl fishery. The population Tin and gold are worked in the district. in 1898 was estimated at 2560. Coolgardie, a town in West Australia, about 310 miles by rail east by north of Perth and Freemantle, and 528 miles by rail north-east of Albany. Its goldfield, now considered a permanent one, was discovered in 1891. In course of time it will probably be connected with Esperance, the natural port of the goldfield, by railway." Its population was estimated in 1898 at 13,000; that of the goldfield at about 30,000. Cooper, Peter (1791-1883), American manufacturer, inventor, and philanthropist, was born in New York on 12th February 1791. As a boy he worked with his father at hat-making, brewing, and brick-making, and had little opportunity for attending school. At the age of seventeen he was apprenticed to a carriage-builder. When he became of age he engaged in the manufacture of machines for shearing cloth, and during the war of 1812 his business was very profitable. Later he took up with success the manufacture of glue. About 1828 he erected the Canton Iron Works at Baltimore, Md., and in this enterprise laid the foundations of his fortune. In 1830 he designed and constructed the first locomotive built in America. He subsequently sold his works at Baltimore, and erected at Philippsburgh, Pa., the largest blast furnaces erected in America up to that time, and enlarged his enterprise by purchasing iron mines in the vicinity and building a railway to transport their ore to his furnaces. He was actively interested in the laying of the first Atlantic cable. His memory is perpetuated in the Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, which he founded in New York in 1854. This splendid institution is designed especially to furnish educational opportunities. to the working classes. Its principal features are a free library and reading-room, lecture courses, and night and day classes. In the election of 1876 he was the candidate of the National Independent party for the presidency. He died in New York, 4th April 1883. |