683 Weekly World-Wide Appreciations. CONTENT 8. LEADING ARTICLES, &c. LEADING ARTICL 18,- Topics of the Week - The Naval Prize Bill and tbe Declaration of London: Il............. 235 BOARD OF EDUCATION 0. RICE AND IBIBH NOTE8 ................................ 238 OTBRR8,- Education - Powers of COMMENTS ON CASES....................... 338 Board of Education-Failure to determine question........................ TH, CONVEYANCER......................... > 39 240 SUPREME COURT OF JUDIOATORE NOTES OP RECENT DECISIONS NOT YIT BBPORTED................................ 943 COURT OF APPEAL. LAW LIRRABY .........................******** 215 Re CONOLLY BROTBERS LIMITEN: LB9ISLATION AND JURIBPRUDENOL, CONOLLY BROTHERS Topics 215 LIMITED AND 01 HERS.-Lancaster PARLIAMENTARY SUMMARY.- Topirs 216 Palatine Onurt-Debentare holders FOREIGN LAW.-A Judicial Deadlock action in High Court ....... 693 Infringement of Architectural HAYNES V. FORD.--Market-Statutory Desiga... 247 market - Market rights – Distur- COUNTY COURTS. - Sittings of the bance-Rival market-Warehouse Courts Recent Decisions : The - Sbop"-Sale in own shop......... 696 Oulico Printers' Association Limited Re HYDE PARK PLACA CHARITY 0, John Higham; Amys r. Barton... 248 Practice - Charity-Scheme - Leave PROMOTIONS AND APPOINTMENTS to intervene and attend proceedings BANKRUPTCY LAW AND PRACTICE. -Time for intervention 701 Receiving Orders and Administra FAUNTLEBOY •. BEEBE.-Administra tion Orders.. 250 vion - Real estateConversion OBIMINAL LAW AND THE JURIDIO Order for sale by court-Portion of TION OP MAGISTRATES.-Borough real estate remaining unsold 704 Quarter Sessions Topics - Pay. Re BAXTER'S TAUSTS; MALLING D. menty in Respect of Pauper ADDIBON. - Annuity - Chare on Lupatics 2 0 easements and chattels-Deed of GENERAL INTELLJOENOR. - Heirs. 81grunt-Construction 710 Lawand Next of Kin-Appointments Re ROBINSON; CLARKSON v. Robin. under the Joint Stock Winding-up SON (No. 2).-Moneylender-Trang Acts - Creditors under Estato in action purporting to be out-and-out Chancery-Creditors under 29 & 28 transfer of property ..................... 712 Vict c. 85 231 HIGH COURT OF JUSTIOL. LAW SOCIETIES.-The Law Society: Annual General Meeting- Justiers' OHANOEBY DIVISION Clerks' Society : Annual MeetingWILSON T. AMALGAMATED SOCIETY OF Law Association-Solicitors' BodeENGINEERS AND OTH E 18.-Treda vo ent Association ....................... union fuods - Levy for political OOBRESPONDENCE .............................. 2:5 255 715 LAW STUDENTS' JOURNAL.-The Law Re LODGB'S PATENT.- Patent-Ex Society: Final and Intermediate piration-Application to prolong Examinations, June 1911-Council Iosufficient remuneration Separate of Legal Elocation : Michaelmas claims for distinct inventions......... 716 Examination 1911 and Hilary Examioation 1912 255 KING'S BENCH DIVISION LEGAL OBITUARY. - Mr. Edward COPE . SHABPE, - Landlord and Dicey, C B.- Mr. William Henry tenant-Trepp 488 - Heath fire Atkinson... 2:7 Right of bailiff of shooting tenant to THE COURTS AND COURT PAPIRBadopt means for extinguisbing Rota of Registrarg-Order in Council: Circuit of the Judges KING'S BENCH DIVISION, IN BANK- Judicial Committee of the Privy RUPTOY. Couacil: List of Business, Jupe and Re CROPLEY; Er parte Fox.- Bank July 1911; Addendum Winter roptcy-Warrant for arrest of Assizes debtor - Mileage allowance-Scale Tas GAZETT R8................... of fees, tab.ee 720 i CIBTAK, MARBIAGES, AND DEATHS 200 Pourposes-- Meaning of ** voluntary From the Ministry of Marine and Colonies, Portugal. Lisbonne, le 4 juillet 1911. En réponse à votre lettre du 20 juin dernier, je dois vous dire que je considère “ The Laws of England” comme un ouvrage bien édité, clair, méthodique et par conséquent de facile consultation. Agréez l'assurance de ma considération. LE DIRECTEUR GÉNÉRAL. (Signed) A. 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Advertisements must reach the office not later than ive o'clock on Thursday afternoon and must be accompanied by a remittanco, Post-Omco Orders payable to HORACE Cox, Vol. CXXXI.-No. 3563 At the annual general meeting of the Law Society, a full report of which we publish this week, the important question of land transfer again received considerable attention. As we pointed out when dealing with the annual report of the Council, the committee appointed by that body to consider the report of the Land Transfer Commission had not yet concluded their deliberations, and we quite agree that it would be a great pity if the House of Lords expressed any definite opinion as to the policy to be adopted with regard to land transfer in the debate that has haen foreshadowed by the LORD CHANCELLOR and Lord HALEBURY until the Law Society has had an opportunity of fully considering the views of the Commission. As we pointed out at the time, the facts contained in the land transfer report form a strong indictment against the present system of land transfer and registration, and we gather from the observations of the President, Sir Henry Johnson, that the Law Society desires to act in concert with the provincial law societies in the matter. 5 We think that the whole Profession will agree with Mr. Justice DARLING regarding the punishment inflicted on Mr. ARTHUR Newton, with reference to the so-called CRIPPEN letter, that “if it errs at all, it errs on the side of leniency." Apparently it was contended that the facts found by the Statutory Committee of the Law Society, which Lord ALVERSTONE pointed out were abundantly warranted by the evidence, did not amount to professional misconduct within the meaning of the Solicitors Acts. It is not surprising that the Divisional Court refused to accept this view, but had it been compelled to hold otherwise an immediate amendment of existing legislation would have been imperatively necessary. We think, however, it is well established by the decided cases that a solicitor can be punished under the existing provisions of the Acts if he has been guilty of dishonourable conduct which makes him unfit to be a member of an honourable profession and an officer of the court, and this is the rule which every solicitor desires to see enforced. On Wednesday last the House of Lords resolved itself into committee for the purpose of considering the County Courts Bill, introduced by Lord LOREBURN. Naturally the discussion centred upon clause 1, which confers unlimited jurisdiction, subject to the right of removal, the rejection of which was moved by Lord HALSBURY. Owing to the tenuity of the House and at the request of Lord St. ALDWYN, Lord HALSBURY withdrew his motion, giving notice at the same time that he would renew the matter on report. The discussion which took place demonstrates beyond the shadow of a doubt what will take place if clause 1 is passed into law and the rights thereby conferred are made use of to any extent. Lord LOREBURN, in the course of his observations to the House, stated that if he could do anything to cheapen or simplify litigation in this country he would willingly do so and this was one method by which it could be done. He further stated that the Bill was brought forward in order to try to give poor people the chance of cheap litigation. Lord St. ALDwyn, another supporter of the measure, laid stress on what he contended was "a very strong feeling in the country in commercial circles in favour of greater and cheaper facilities for dealing with litigation locally.” on the fact that the clause would be particularly hard on the class of persons for whom the County Courts were originally intended, and he was absolutely accurate when he stated that the County Courts were supposed to be quick courts for poor people, and by extending the jurisdiction they would increase the delay, and defeat the object for which the County Courts had been established. These are the reasons which really lie at the root of the whole matter and constitute the determining factors of the opposition of the Bar to the change. The suggestion of Lord LOREBURN that this opposition is due to private interests is on a par with the suggestion that the pressure in the County Courts is due to the fact that the average number of days' work done by County Court judges amounts to but 153. We have before shown this figure to be misleading, and the innuendo in the statement made by the LORD CHANCELLOR: “Would the noble Marquis opposite or any busy man grumble at 153 days' work out of 365 ?" is unfair and throws an absolutely unjust aspersion upon a body of men who work as hard as anyone in the country. Incessant travelling, long hours, and no pension for men naturally getting on in years, certainly does not make the post of County Court judge the sinecure and bed of roses that Lord LOREBUEN would have the public at large believe. Now, what is the true position created by clause 1 of this Bill if the demand mentioned by Lord St. Aldwyn really exists? Local commercial causes will all be taken to the County Court, and naturally the local commercial community will desire their causes to be fully and adequately heard. Even the most ardent supporter of the measure will hardly contend that this will lessen the work of the County Courts, and, as is well known, save in a few instances, those tribunals have as much work as—and in not a few cases a good deal more work than—they can dispose of at the present time. Under these circumstances it does not require any severe mental exercise to come to a conclusion as to what will happen to the poor people with small disputes who attempt to resort to these tribunals. The consent to the jurisdiction of the Registrar will become a compulsion if this small class of litigant does not desire to have adjournment after adjournment, and that with a long interval of time between each. To use the words of Lord ALVERSTONE : “With the greatest respect to the Registrars, the poor man wishes his case to be decided by a competent judge, just as a criminal likes to be tried by a judge rather than by a Commissioner.” The old practice, in accordance with which a Minister is in attendance on the King in the event of his absence from the capital, from which there was on several occasions a departure in the last reign, was observed in the case of the visit of the King to Ireland, Mr. BIRRELL being the Minister in attendance. In days gone by it had long been held that a Secretary of State must always accompany the Sovereign everywhere, and at a later period it became the practice that other members of the Cabinet as well as Secretaries of State should perform this duty in rotation. That Mr. BIRBELL, whose strict official style is that of “Chief Secretary to ih Lord Lieutenant of Ireland,” should be the Cabinet Minister in attendance on the Sovereign during his visit to that country, is a very significant indication of the augmented importance of that position, which can no longer be regarded in any other than a technical sense as subordinate or subject to the control of the Home Secretary, who was at one time the Cabinet Minister ordinarily responsible for advising and directing the conduct of the Irish Government. Sir WILLIAM HARCOURT, indeed, in the House of Commons, when Home Secretary, admitted the constitutional warrant for attaching this responsibility to the Secretary of State for the Home Department, but pleaded that “the details of Irish affairs did not pass through the Home Office," and it may now be safely said that an exercise of authority over the Irish Secretary is virtually confined to the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, of which he is himself a member in its collective ANOTHER point to which we desire to refer is the suggestion that this clause will cheapen and expedite litigation. Apart from the block that will ensue when the cases are entered for trial the right of removal in the case of defendants who only desire to postpone the evil day of payment will afford them a useful means of delay; while at the same time the costs of litigation will be proportionately increased, both by the proceedings rendered abortive and also by the adjourn. ments which will be rendered necessary. LORD MUSKERRY's notice that he proposes to draw public attention to certain curious features in the position occupied by mercbant seamen under the circumstances set out by him may lead to some future arrangements being made to avoid inflicting serious injustice on a very deserving class. When Board of Trade inquiries are set on foot as to the cause of some maritime casualty, in which the seamen may not be very directly concerned, men called upon to give evidence are detained ashore, and a resultant condition of involuntary unemployment follows. They are also detained ashore and unemployed when summoned to serve on juries and when subpænaed to give evidence at police courts and assize trials dealing with criminal offences on British merchant vessels. The Government are being earnestly pressed to give these matters their serious consideration, so that these inconveniences may be obviated, or, if such be impossible, then that some adequate compensation should be afforded for the ASSOCIATED with Lord HALSBURY in his opposition to clause 1 were Lord ALVERSTONE and Lord Robson, and their observations amply bear out the position we have taken up with reference to the extension of jurisdiction in this Bill and in its predecessors. Lord Haleury laid stress heavy loss sustained by these individuals in the interests of the public. At this point in the session it is impossible to suppose that any legislation could be introduced, but something might be possible by administrative means to take the edge off the grievances in question. ag is THE NAVAL PRIZE BILL AND THE DECLARATION OF LONDON.-II. Next, with regard to the destruction of neutral prizes. No doubt the view taken by this country has been and is, that such destruction is always unjustifiable, but this view met with but scant support at the conference. Most of the Powers and nations there represented, insisted upon the right to destroy, and it is one that has been exercised of recent years, and would undoubtedly be exercised by those Powers and nations in any future war. It is said that the Declaration should not be ratified because of the artieles therein contained on this subject, as in such a case our right of " diplomatic protest” would be rendered of no avail, but it is morally certain that after the exchange of views at the Hague, no nation would forego this right on our diplomatic protests as neutrals, and the only way in which we could make our protests effective would be by war. If no ratification took place, apart from going to war, the sole remedy of the neutral would be only such redress as would be obtainable from the prize court of the belligerent. Under the Declaration, as interpreted by M. Renault's report, sinking neutral prizes is forbidden, save under certain circumstances, and the rights of neutrals are provided with numerous, safeguards, the subject being dealt with in the following articles : 48. A neutral vegsel which has been captured may not be destroyed by the ca ptor; she must be taken into such proper for the determination there of all questions concerning the validity of the prize. 49. As an exception, a neutral vessel which has been captured by a belligeront warship, and which would be liable to condemnation, may be destroyed if the observance of art. 48 would involve danger to the safety of the warship or to the success of the operations in which she is engaged at the time. 50. Before the vessel is destroyed all persons on board must be placed in safety, and all the ship's papers and other documents which the parties interested consider relevant for tbe purpose of deciding on the validity of the capture must be taken on board the warship. 51. A captor who has destroyed a neutral vessel must, prior to any decision respecting the validity of the prize, establish that he only aoted in the face of an exceptional necessity of the nature contem. plated in art. 49. If he fails to do this, he must compensate the parties interested and no examination shall be made of the question whether the capture was valid or not. 52. If the capture of a neutral vessel is subsequently held to bo invalid, though the act of destruction bas been held to have beon justifiable, the captor must pay compensation to the parties interested in place of the restitution to which they would have been entitled. 53. If neutral goods not liable to condemnation have been destroyed with the vessel, the owner of such goods is entitled to compensation. 54. The captor has the right to demand tho banding over, or to proceed himself to the destruction of, any goods liable to condempe tion found on board a vessel not herself liable to condemnatics provided that the circumstances are such as would, under art. 49, justify the destruction of a vessel herself liable to condemnation. The captor must enter the goods surrendered or destroyed in the logbook of the vessel stopped, cod must obtain duly certified copies of all relevant papers. When the goods have been handed over or destroyed, and the formalities duly carried out, the master must be allowed to con:ipue his voyage. The provisions of arts. 51 and 52 respecting the obligations of a captor who has destroyed a neutral vessel are a pplicable. By the report it is made clear that the situation at the moment when the destruction takes place is to be the governing factor as to the necessity for such destruction, while the onus of proof which is placed upon the belligerent captor will afford a very real guarantee to neutrals against the wanton destruction of neutral prizes. In the first place the belligerent must make out exceptional necessity, and if this is not done he must under all circumstances pay compensation. In the second place, if tbis necessity is proved, then the validity of the capture must be shown, and under art. 40 a vessel cannot be condemned unless the contraband forms more than half the cargo. Two comments have been made upon this portion of the Declaration with which we cordially agree, and must be assented to by every person considering the position as it now exists, and the change that will be brought about by the Declaration. Lord Lindley says: “The result is a compromise, and one which is better than having no rule at all, and better than leaving each nation to enforce its own law," while, after pointing out the undoubted gains to neutrals, he continues : “ The new rules not only do not restrict the practice of this country when at war, but extend our rights if we choose to extend them.” Mr. Arthur Cohen, K.C. also describes the law as laid down by the Declaration on this subject as “a compromise which, considering the great difficulty of the subject, is prudent, fair, and equitable." We have now dealt with the two chief points dealt with by the Declaration which are attacked by its opponents, but it is further urged that no ratification should take place because no agreement has been arrived at with reference to the conversion of merchantmen into warships, and vice versá, on the high seas. Probably on no point under discussion has so much gross misstatement and misrepresentation been put forward, and it has been freely stated that the ratification of the Declaration without the prohibition of such a practice would be to revive privateering Now, what is the true state of affairs ? The Declaration of Paris 1856 that “privateering is and remains abolished" still stands, and we ourselves intend to equip as warships such merchant vessels as we see fit. The sole point of divergence is that we insist that this must be done in port while other nations insist upon the right to effect such a change at sea, while, apart from this question of change, a Convention of the Hague Conference has been agreed relative to the subject which shows how absolutely unfounded in fact is the contention as to privateering being revived. That Convention provides as follows : Whereas, however, the contracting Powers have been unable to come to an agreement on the question whether the conversion of mercbant ship into a warship may take place upon the high seas, it is understood that the question of the place where such conversion is effected remains outside the scope of this agreement and is in no way affected by the following rules : ARTICLE I, A merchant ship converted into a warship cannot have the right: and duties appertaining to vessels haviog that status unless it is placed under the direct authority, immediate control, and responsibility ci the Power the flag of which it flies. ARTICLE 2 Merchant ships converted into warships must bear th3 extorts marks which distinguish the warships of their nationality. ARTICLE 3. The commander 'must be in the service of the State and daip commissioned by the proper au:horities. His name must figure 03 the list of the officers of ihe fighting fleet ARTICLE 4. ARTICLE 5. Every merchant ship converted into a warship is bound to co53673 in its operations the laws and custom of war. ARTICLE 6. A belligerent who converts a merchant ship into a warship must. 88 soon as possible, announce such conversion in the list of its warghips. ARTICLE 7. The provisions of the present Convention do not apply excep: between contracting Powers, and then only if all the belligerents are parties to the Convention. In the face of this one can only consider that much that has been written and said on this subject must emanate from those who in their blind hostility have careiully refrained from informing themselves as to the proceedings and conventions of the conference. The Government has made it clear that they intend to act on their own view as to the legality of the place of conversion, and we have little doubt as to the position of the merchantman converted into a warship at sea and preying upon commerce, but reconverted at sea when located by a cruiser. Such, then, are the chief points around which the controversy of the last few months has centred. Such questions as these ought to be kept strictly outside party politics, and those wło have resorted to them for this end have done ill-service to the country. It has been made quite clear that this country will not ratify unless M. Renault's report is made binding on the OD 66 9 signatories as an authoritative interpretation of the Declaration to be administered by the international prize court. With reference thereto Sir Edward Grey stated at the recent Imperial Conference, " it was accepted as part of the general agreement which was reached, as it constituted an authoritative interpretation of the provisions of the Declaration of London. That was another point which would be made a condition of ratification," and there is little doubt that, before such ratification takes place, certain further reservations on unsettled questions will be made by this country. On ratification by the various signatories, including ourselves, we shall be in no worse position as belligerents (and it must be remembered that the Declaration will not affect belligerents inter se), while as neutrals we shall certainly be better off. the discharge of the prisoner either the completion of his sentence or on his discharge op licence, and it is then that the beneficent work of the Borstal system is capable of being supplemented and, to a large extent, completed by voluntary benevolence outside of the prison and upoontrolled of official action.” The president of the association in Clonmel is Mr. Richard Bagwell, the foreman of the grand jury, who takes a very keen interest in its growth and work. It is interesting to observe that the subscribers to the a 880ciation are mainly Clonmel people, notwithstanding that many of the iomates of the prison come from the chief cities of Ireland. At present there are in Clonmel Gaol about seventy-one or seventy-two prisoners, and of those Dublin sent twenty, Belfast fifteen, and Cork So that the work that the Clonmel people are carrying op is largely altruistic. Beven. IRISH NOTES. Owing to the peculiar conditions obtaining in Ireland, it is not improbablo that a proposal will be made that the administration of the State insurance scheme there will be intrusted to an Irish central authority. There is au doubt that in many ways industrial and agricultural conditions in Iceland differ very widely from those in England, and the administration from London of the measure, if it becomes law, would be attended by many difficulties, and would probably result in the whole of the Irish work being done by the officials in a branch office in Dublin. Accordingly the administration of the Act centrally in Dublin seems to have considerable advantages. A PARLIAMENTARY return has been issued sbowing that the total statutory payments for 1910.11 in respect of the Ireland Development Grant Act 1903 were as follows: To the Public Trustee, £5000; to the Guarantee Fuod to satisfy claims of the National Debt Commissioners (the 16th June 1910), £85,330 178. 5d. ; to the Congeste: District Board, £20,000 ; to the Guarantee Fund to satisfy claims of the National Debt Commissioners (the 14th Dec. 1910), £74,669 2e. 7d. The payments made to the Guarantee Fund were in respect of losses or delayed payments under the Lood Purchase Acts. A considerable portion of this money, will probably be recouped. Another Parliamentary return which has just been issued gives an abstract of the account of fines accounted for by the registrar of petty sessions : clerks for the year 1909. The e fines and penal sums are accounted for under the Act of 14 & 15 Viot. c. 90. It appears that during the year the total amount of fines (including compensation and coste) amounted to £45,199 53. 100. Of this sum £2216 153. 9d. was remitted by competent authority ; £8752 159. 9d. represented the amount for which parties were committed to gaol and not paid ; and 24338 78. 10d. was upoollected for other causes. Of the total amount paid by respondents (£30,752 Os. 7d.), £7310 Os. 6d. was paid to corporate bodies and private parties ; £986 lls. Id. was paid to the Constabulary Force Fund; £9751 193. ld. wag paid to various parties as costs ; £35 49. 20. was paid for postage and money orders, and. £12,668 58. 9d. was lodged in the Bank of Ireland. COMMENTS ON CASES. A CURIOUS situation has arisen in the Louth County Council through a misunderstanding that has taken place with reference to the election of tbe Sve representatives on the council from the borough of Drogheda. The misunderstanding took place in consequence of a dispute between the returning officer for the county and the deputy returning officer wbo was in charge of the Drogheda couoty electoral division. The returning officer had deolared that no valid eleotion had been beld for Drogheda, and consequently no return was made_by him to the secretary of the county council in respect of the Drogheda repre. bentatives. None of the lattor were present at the first meeting of the coudoil, and in consequence of & protest that made by one of the councillore the meeting was adjourned without any, busine88 baving been transacted. A deputation was delegated to wait on the Local Government Board with reference to the matter. The vice-president of that body seems to think that the election that took place w28 perfecely valid, and that the result of tbat election should have been acted upon by the returning officer. He stated that it was bis opinion that the five gentlemen in question were entitled to act for the Drogheda electoral division, and he added that it was open to any ratepayer to object to them and bring a petition to bave the question judicially decided. His GRACE THE Most Rev. Dr. CROZIER, the Irieb Protestant Lord Primate, io preacbing before Their Majesties the King and Queen, in St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, on Suoday last, enunciated from the pulpit a fundamental conception of English kingship. Referring to the Royal presence, His Grace said, “Their Royal visit proves to us their kingship. that they are indeed .kin to their subjects,' as the old word means." This position was thus explained and expounded by Professor Freeman. “The word cyo or kin,” he writes, • we still keep in modern English with no cbange of sound, and with very little change of meaning: Now, whether the word oyning, which in its shortened form has become king, comes straight from the English word cyn, is a matter of dispute among oomparative philologers, but in any case the two words come from the same root. one delude you into thinking that king has anything to do with the canding or cupping man. The man who first said tbat it had had simply not learned his old English grammar. I will not say positively whether cyning comes straight from the sabstantive oyo or from the adjeotive oyne, whether it is to be taken as “the noble one,' or whether ing as the Teutonic patronymic cypior from oyn is to be taken as the offspring of the people, or whether our cyning is to be held as cognate with the Sanskrit ganakee, wbioh means father. Io all of these cases the word oyning comes from the same original root as cyn, the Latin genus, the Greek yévos.” (Growtb of the English Constitution, pp. 32-33.) The libel action remitted from the High Court to the London Sheriff's Court, by which Dr. Pocock, of Beaconsfield, was compelled in selfdefence to stop some unjustifiable proceedings by a rival doctor deserves a word of comment. The disciplinary powers of the General Medical Council are well known to all those in the medical profession, and, as a general rule, their exercise of those powers is attended by a great deal of benefit to the public at large. One of the regulations laid down by this “trade union” is that a doctor is compelled to meet another in consultation, and it is obviouely a matter of great copoern to all patients that their condition may be considered by buch doctors as possess their confidence. The libel complained of in this case was to the effect that Dr. Pocock had violated this rule and had refused consultation. The publication of this statement was the more damaging inasmuch as it was not made to the General Medical! Council, who could have examined into and adjudicated upon it, but was contained in letters written to two of Dr. Pocock's patiente. The cause of this attack was sbown to be that Dr. Pocock had declined to take his rival into partnership. The UnderSheriff held that his rival had in conjunction with another person conspired to damage Dr. Pocock without the emallest justifcation, and judgment was given for £500 damages and coste. The case shows that in a profession such as a dootor's, those who believe they have any grievance should lay it before its governing body, and more especially can this be done where this council is concerned, for it is exceedingly powerful, and alert to punish infringement of its rules. There have been one or two recent cases—000 notably concerned with the Sandow Institute/-in wbich doctors have seemed to be treated more harshly by their own domestio tribunal than the facts warranted. Where one medical man, then, sees fit to make charges. against another by writing to patients, it is very arguable that the circumstance goes some way to prove malice. Let no In charging the grand jury at the Tipperary Assizes on the 6th inst. Mr. Justice Keppy paid a bigh compliment to the Borstal egetem. The oply Borstal institution in Ireland is that which is in Clonmel. and the only a ssociation that bas been establisbed to supplement and complete the working of the system is the one that has appropriately had its origin in that town. Mr. Justice Kenny said : “I am glad to say that the results of the system bave, up to the present, been eminently satisfactory, not only in England but also in Ireland, and no pains have been epared by those in authority at the Prisons Board in Dublin and in the Clonmel prison to make it But these efforts must decessarily end with The decisions of the House of Lords, affirming those of the Court of Appeal, in the two workmen's compensation cases upon wbich we oommented last week, related, as we then remarked, to seamen who were about to rejoin their ships and fell into the water while eodeavouring to do so. Compensation was refused in both because the accidents that occurred were not shown to have arisen “out of the employment” within the meaning of the Workmen's Compensation Act 1906 (6 Edw. 7, c. 58). But, ag we pointed out, had the seamen succeeded in getting on board once more, entirely different considerations would have presented themselves. If they bad subsequently fallen overboard, the possible applicability of the recent deci-ion of the House of Lord:, affirming the judgment of the Court of Appeal, in Owners of the Ship Swansea Vale v. Rice (104 L, T. Rep. 658) would bave required discussion. And it would have had to be determined whether the principles of that case, or of Bender v. Owners of the Steam. ship Zent (100 L. T. Rep. 639; (1909) 2 K. B. 41) and of Marshall v. Owners of the Ship Wild Rose | 100 L. T. Rep. 739; (1909) 2 K. B. 46; Buccess. affirmed on appeal, 103 L. T. Rep. 114; (1910) A. C. 486), was proper to be applied. In Rice's case (ubi sup.), the obief officer of ihe steamship Swansea Vale bad duties to perform op deck that involved his getting into all sorts of dangerous positions from which a fall overboard, even on a calm day, might easily bappen. In the course of his watch on deok, be disappeared mysteriously from the ship during a voyage in broad daylight, and at a time when the sea was smootb. There was nothing whatever to account for his disappearance, for no one saw what happened to him. But he had complained of not feeling well when he went on his watch, and of having bad an attack of giddiness. Consequently the inevitable conclusion was that he had fallen overboard. He was on board the ship in the course of bis employment, and, therefore, it could not be disputed that, if an accident had happened to him, the second requirement of sect. 1 of the Act was fulfilled. The House of Lords, taking the same view as the Court of Appeal, came to the conclusion that there was evidenoe from wbich the court might ipfer that the seaman fell overboard from an accident arising “out of” as well as in the course of " his employment. In the two other cases, neither of the members of the crew who fell overboard was & seaman in the strict sense of the term that is to Hay, one whose duty it was to work on deck. And that circum. stance had considerable weight with the Court of Appeal in deciding that a claim by the respective de pendants of the deceased for compen Bation was not maintainable. Io Bender's case (ubi sup ) the deceased was a ship's cook, while in Marshall's case (ubi sup.) he was an engineer. The duty of both was, therefore, to work below deck and not on it, as in the case of an ordinary deck band. The general principle laid down in cases on the repealed Act of 1897, of which Pomfret v. Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company (89 L. T. Rep. 176; (1903) 2 K. B. 718) was a notable example, and repeatedly given effeot to in subsequent cases such as McDonald v. Owners of steamship Banana (99 L. T. Rep. 671 ; (1908) 2 K. B. 926), consequently came into operation. The only available evidence was no less consistent with the view that the accident arcse “out of," as well as “in the course of,” the workman's employment than with the view that it did not do so. In Bender's case, the last that was seen of the ship's cook was when he was looking over the side of the sbip during a voyage ; in Marshall's case the engineer left bis berth during the night for the purpose of getting some fresh air on deok. He was afterwards missing, and the following day his body was found in the tidal basin in the harbour where the versel was moored. Under these circumstances the Court of Appeal held in both cases that the onus cast on the dependants of proving that the accident arose out of the employment” had not been discharged. No mere guess or conjecture would suffice : (see Barnabas v. Bersham Colliery Company, 103 L. T. Rep. 513). But in Rice's case (ubi sup.) it was only to be expeoted that the House of Lords would affirm the deci. Bion of the Court of Appeal that there was evidence to the required effeot sufficient to justify the fioding of the court. was to were natural affection and not to any bduciary relationship, and the Court of Appeal upheld that decision, but on widergroundr. In the course of his judgment Mr. Justice Neville said : “H. C. w 8, however, in the position of agent for his mother in carrying on tho business belore assignment. I think, therefore, that the burden oi proof is upon him to rebut the presumption that the gift was icduce ! by that relation.". Cozens-Hardy, M. R. in his judgment respeotfully differed from that statement. He did not think it was true to say that any confidential relation between donor and donee was sufficient to set up a presumption against the validity of the gift. He thought that there were confidential relations in which there was a presumption of undue influence as in the case of solic,tor and client, or where young persong immediately after attaining twenty.one make à gift to a parent, but to apply that to every fiduciary relation was not according to any authority and distinctly contrary to principle, and was in faot negatived by Lord Eldon in Harris v. Tremenheere. Lord Justice Fletcher Moulton said that the interference of the court in these transactions must depend on the nature of the fiduciéry relation, His remarks apon what amounts to competent and independent advice will lo useful to solicitors. His Lordabip said: “I think that a solicitor best givos advice when he takes care that the client understands fully tbe nature of the act and the consequences of tbat act. He not bound to say, 'I will advise you to do it,' or 'If I were you I would do it,' or 'If I were you I would not do it.' Nothing of that kind is, necessary for competent and independent advice. All that is necessary is that some independent person free from any taint of the relationship or of the consideration of interest which would affect the act should, put clearly before the persons what are the nature and the consequences of the Act. It is for adult persons of competent mind to decide whether they would do an act, and I do not think that inde-peodent advice means independent and competent approval.” The learned judge said that he referring only adults who competent to iorm an opinion, so that his remarks will not, it is conceived, affect the principles laid down in Powell v. Powell hereinafter referred to under circumstances wbioh there existed. Lord Justice Buckley, in the course of his judgment, said : “Between master and servani, between employer and bailiff or steward, there subsists, of course, a fiduciary relation, but there is no authority for the proposition that by reason of the existence of relations such as those a deed of gift from one to the other can be Bet aside. This doctrine of equity does not rest upon the existence of a fiduciary relationship whatever be its nature. It rests upon the existence of such a fiduciary relationship as will lead the court to infer undue influence, or knowledge in the one party concealed from . the other, or other circumstances into which I need not go. Harris v. Tremenheere (15 Ves 34) was a bill to set aside certain leases obtained by an agent and attorney from his principal. Lord Eldop, in the course of his judgment, said: "I cannot find any decision authorieing me to say that the defendant should not have taken these leases as oi the pure gift of his employer. I am quite ready to say that if I could find in the answer or the evidence the slightest hint that the defendant laid before the testator any account of the value of the premises that was not perfectly accurate, that would induce me to set them aside, whatever the parties intended, upon the general ground that the principal never would be safe if the agent could take a gift from bim upon a representation that was not most accurate and precise. There is no evidence of misrepresentation, oircum vention, or anything improperly leading the testator to make these leases; that they were not the spontaneous fruit of his own generosity, pot weighing the value or amount of the consideration that should have been given if it had been the subjeot of barter.” Powell v. Powell (82 L. T. Rep. 84; (1900) 1 Ch. 243) was the case of a voluntary Bettlement made by a lady who had recently come of age in favour of her guardian, and in that case Lord Justice Farwell (then Mr. Justice Farwell) held, that it was not enough that she should have inde pena. dent advice, unless she acted on it, and that it was the duty of the. solicitor independently advising her to protect her against berself, and not merely against the p?18ɔnal influence of the donee, and that if bis advice was not accepted, he should decline to act further for the intending settlor. MISCELLANEOUS PRECEDENTS (continued). Deed of Partilion of Freehold Messuages and "asements between Coheiresses One of whom is Administratrix. THIS INDENTURE made the day of 191 BETWEEN A. B. the wife of B. B. of in the county of of the first part C. D. the wife of D. D. of in the county of of the second part and X. Y. of in the county of of the tbird part. WHEERAS by an indenture dated tho day of 189 and made between H. C. of the one part and 8. H. of the other part the hereditaments respectively described in the first and second schedules here to (together with the rights of way and easements mentioned in the third schedule hereto but subject to the reservation therein also mentioned) were limited and assured unto and to the use of the said 8. H. in leo simple and subject to a covenant by the said 8. H. to observe and perform the covenants and conditions contained in the indepture of the day of 189 mentioned in the said third schedule so far as the same related to the hereditaments thereby assured as were then subsisting and to indemnify the said H. c. bis heirs and assigns in respect of the Bame. AND WHEREAS the said 8. H. doly mado bis will dated the day of 189 and thereby devised and boqueathed all the THE CONVEYANCER. REFERRING to the suggestion in “ The Conveyancer ” of the 1st inst, that when stock is transferred to the trustees of a voluntary settlement the transfer itself should be stamped with ad valorem duty at 108. per cent, on the value of the stock, and the settlement itself be stamped with 59. per cent. on suob value, we are glad to hear from a firm of solicitors that they submitted two such documents for adjudication last month, and that the autborities stamped the transfer with 103. per cent., and the settlement with a 103. deed stamp only, and adjudged both d.ouments to be duly stamped. THE judgments of the Court of Appeal in the recent case of Re Coomoer, Coomber v. Coorber (104 1. T. Rep. 517; (1911) 1 Ch. 723) invite special attention, as some of ibe diota ron couater to tho preconceived ideas of not a few practitioners, who have been under the impression that no one standing in a fiduciary relation to another could retain a gift made to bim by such other if the latter challenged the gift within a reasonable time, upless the donee could prove that the donor had independent advice, or that the fiduciary relation bad ceased for so long that the donor was under no influence whatever. Io Re Coomber the facts were shortly as follows: A. C. for some years prior and down to his deatb, wbich took place in July 1905, carried on business as a retailer of beer at certain stores of which be had a long lease. His son H. C. for some years before bis death acted as sole manager of the business. A. C. by will left all bis property to his wife, who survived bim absolutely. A. C. in his lifetime had expressed a wish that H. C. should have the business, and after A. C.'s death H. C. contioned to manage the business for his mother, and he also collected certain rents for her. In Sept. 1905 Mrs. C. voluntarily assigned the lease of the stores and the good wlll of the business to H.C., and the licenoe was also assigned to him. The assignment was prepared by Mre. C.’s solicitor, who acted for her in relation to her husband's estate and wbo explained the draft to her, and saw that sho understood what she was doing, but he gave no advice as to whether she should do it or not. She died in July 1906, and the action was brought by her eldest son against H. C. and his sister for a declaration that H. C. was a trustee of tbe lease, business, and licence for the persons interested in Mrs. C.'s residuary estate, on the ground that H. C. was in a fiduciary position, and that Mrs. C. had not sufficient independent advice. Mr. Justice Neville dismissed the action on the ground that the gift was to be attributed to Secon i sheet. |
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