tepenultimate, and on the consonant ƒ of that syllable; and, therefore, it more rapidly inclines to an increased brevity.

Another difficulty to which we are liable in our apprehension of the nature of ancient quantity arises from that which is said to be long by position. From this some have deduced an objection against the attempt to conform the present pronunciation to quantity; observing that, if we would be consistent and unexceptionable in our adherence to prosodial metre, we have to recollect that the same word is often both long and short; as něc, when single, or not followed by a consonant; which by posiiton we find long, as Fulgura nec diri toties arsere cometa. Then, if we invariably echo the quantity, we must, pro re natâ, say něc, and nec diri, i. e. neek, and neck diri. And the improbability that the ancients were so ready on every occasion to pronounce the same word both long and short would incline us to infer that we have no idea of what they meant by quantity.'

This has given rise to the remarks in Mr. Walker's Treatise on Classical Pronunciation, which, if they are not in every instance the most decisive, are at least the most ingenious that we have seen on the question.

"The long quantity,' says he, 'of the ancients, must arise either from a prolongation of the sound of the vowel, or from the delay of the voice, which the pronunciation of two or more consonants in succession are supposed naturally to require. Now vowels were said to be either long by nature, or long by position. Those vowels which were long by position were such as were succeeded by two or more consonants; as the first o in sponsor. If the long quantity of the ancients was the same distinction of the sound of the vowel as we make in the words cadence and magic, then the a in mater and păter must have been pronounced like our a in paper and matter; and those vowels which were long by position, as the a in Bacchus and campus, must have been sounded by the ancients as we hear them in the words bake and came. But if the long quantity of the ancients was no more than a retardation of the voice on the consonants, or that duration of sound which an assemblage of consonants is supposed naturally to produce, without making any alteration in the sound of the vowel, of such long quantity as this an English ear has not the least idea. Unless the sound of the vowel be altered, we have not any conception of a long or short syllable; and the first syllables of banish, banner, and banter, have, to our ears, exactly the same quantity. The same may be observed of senate, seminary, sentence, and sentiment;' and if, as an ingenious enquirer into this subject has asserted, the ancients pronounce both the consonants in callidus, fallo, &c., this seems to shorten, rather than lengthen, the vowel of the first syllable. If, however, the quantity of the ancients lay only in the vowel, which was lengthened and shortened in our manner by altering the sound, how strange must have been their poetical language, and how different from the words taken singly! And, when these observations on the quantity of the ancients are collect

ively considered, shall we wonder that the learned and ingenious author of the Elements of Criticism should go so far as to assert that the dactyls and spondees of hexameter verse, with respect to pronunciation, are merely ideal, not only with us, but that they were so with the ancients themselves? Few, however, will adopt an opinion which will necessarily imply that the Greek and Latin critics were utterly ignorant of the nature of their own language; and every admirer of those excellent writers will rather embrace any explanation of accent and quantity, than give up Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Cicero, Quinctilian, and Longinus. Suppose then, as a last refuge, we were to try to read a Greek or Latin verse, both by accent and quantity, and see what such a trial will produce.

By quantity, let us suppose the vowel lengthened to express the long quantity; and by the acute accent the rising inflexion; thus :Títyre, tú pátulæ récubans súb tégmine fági, Sylvestrem ténui músam meditáris avéna. Tityre, tū pătulæ recubāns sūb tēgmině fāgi, Sylvestrem tenui mūsām mēdītāris ǎvēnā. Teétyre toó pátulee récubanes soób teégmine fági, Seélveestreem ténui moósame meditáris avena.

Μῆνιν ἄειδε Θεὰ, Πηληϊάδεω Αχιλήος Οὐλομένην, ἡ μυρί ̓Αχαιοῖς ἄλγε ἔθηκη. Μηνῖν ἄξιδὲ θέα, Πηληϊάδεω Αχιλήος Ουλομένην, ἢ μυρι Αχαιοις αλγε ἔθηκη. Mein-en á-eye-de The-ày, Pei-lei-e-á-dyo A-kil-lef

Now there are but four possible ways of pronouncing these verses, without going into a perfect song. One is, to pronounce the accented syllable with the falling inflexion, and the unaccented with the same inflexion in a lower tone; which is the manner in which we pronounce our own words, when we give them the accent with the falling inflexion. The second is to pronounce the accented syllable with the rising inflexion, and the unaccented syllables with the same inflexion in a lower tone; which we never hear in our own language. The third is to pronounce the accented syllable with the falling inflexion, and the unaccented syllables with the rising, in a lower tone. And the fourth to pronounce the accented syllable with the rising inflexion, and the unaccented with the falling, in a lower tone. None of these modes, but the first and last, do we ever hear in our own language; the second and third seem too difficult to permit us to suppose that they could be the natural current of the human voice in any language. The first leaves us no possible means of explaining the circumflex; but the last, by doing this, gives us the strongest reason to suppose that the Greek and Latin acute accent was the rising inflexion, and the grave the falling inflexion in a lower tone.'

Concerning the question whether the ancient poetry should be read chiefly according to accent or quantity, which has lately been much agitated, may we not then infer, that since the precise nature of accent does not seem to be determined,

and therefore if, in reading, either must give way to the other (for which, however, there is no absolute necessity), it is certainly better that what is in some degree uncertain should yield to that which is more accurately ascertained. By reading according to quantity is not, however, meant the breaking down, splitting, or destroying the words by attending to the feet only; but pronouncing the words of a verse so as to give, as much as possible, its due quantity, in real time, to every syllable. And as much as to this mode of reading, we can add an attention to accent, emphasis, tone, pause, and cadence, whether metrical or sentential, insomuch, doubtless, will the pronunciation be the more correct and harmonious.

The nature of quantity as observed in the English language is at once so simple, unique, and, in general, so well known, that any enlargement on this part of the subject is unnecessary. It is sufficient to observe that a vowel or syllable is, in the English language, long, and requires double the time of a short one, when the accent is on the vowel; which occasions it to be slowly joined in pronunciation with the following letters; as fall, bāle, hõūse, feature. And that a syllable is short, and only of half the length of a long one, when the accent is on the consonant; which occasions the vowel to be quickly joined to the succeeding letters; as art, bonnět, hunger.

QUANTONG, an extensive, fertile, and populous province of Southern China, on the sea coast, which bounds it E. S. S. Northward it is bounded by a high ridge of mountains, which separate it from Kyangsi. It contains the important port of Canton, and is the most commercial of all the Chinese provinces. The mountains of the north frontier yield gold, copper, iron, and the timber called iron-wood: also a fine species of rose-wood and of osier. Southward, the country produces every kind of grain and fruits in profusion, and two crops in the year. A great number of ducks are bred in the waters. The governor resides at Chao-king, and has a considerable military and naval force on foot to suppress the piracy of the neighbouring seas, and keep in awe the rude mountain tribes. Sir George Staunton estimates the inhabitants at 21,000,000.

QUANTONG, a town of the province of Ava, in the Birman empire, on the south-east side of the Irrawaddy, and only twenty-five miles distant from the China frontier. The meaning of Quantong, or Canton, is, in Chinese, a port or mart; a number of such names, therefore, occur on the boundaries of the empire, to wnich foreign merchants are allowed to repair. It is probable this town was either built or named by the Chinese: it is still frequented by these merchants, who bring porcelain, tea, silks, fruit, &c., hither, and exchange them for emeralds, rubies, iron, and brown cotton.

QUARANTAIN, n. s. French quarantain. QUARANTINE. The space of time which a ship, suspected of infection, is obliged to forbear intercourse or commerce.

Pass your quarantine among some of the churches round this town, where you may learn to speak, be

fore you venture to expose your parts in a city congregation. Swift.

QUARANTINE may be ordered by the king, with advice of the privy council, at such times, and under such regulations, as he judges proper. Ships ordered on quarantine must repair to the place appointed, and must continue there during the time prescribed, generally six weeks; and must have no intercourse with the shore, except for necessary provisions, which are conveyed with When the time is every possible precaution. expired, and the goods opened and exposed to the air as directed, if there be no appearance of infection they are admitted to port. Persons giving false information to avoid performing quarantine, or refusing to go to the place appointed, or escaping, also officers appointed to see quarantine performed deserting their office, neglecting their duty, or giving a false certificate, suffer death as felons. Goods from Turkey, or the Levant, may not be landed without a licence from the king, or certificate that they have been landed and aired at some foreign port. See SANITARY LAWS.

QUARLES (Francis), the son of James Quarles, clerk to the board of green cloth, and purveyor to queen Elizabeth, was born in 1592. He was educated at Cambridge; became a member of Lincoln's Inn; and was for some time cup-bearer to the queen of Bohemia, and chronologer to the city of London. He went to Ireland as secretary to archbishop Usher; but the troubles in that kingdom forced him to return, and he died in 1644. His works both in prose and verse are numerous, and were formerly in great esteem, particularly his Divine Emblems. QUARRE, n. s. Fr. quarré. A quarry. Not in use.

Behold our diamonds here, as in the quarre they stand. Drayton. Fr. querelle; Lat. querela. A breach of con

QUAR'REL, n. s. & v. n. QUAR'RELOUS, adi QUARRELSOME. cord; dispute; contest; cause of contest; ground of opposition or objection: Shakspeare uses it for a quarrelsome person: to quarrel is, to dispute; debate, squabble; scuffle; combat; disagree; object, urge frivolous objections: the adjectives correspond.

Herodias had a quarrel against him, and would have killed him, but she could not. Mark vi. 19. Wine drunken with excess, maketh bitterness of the mind, with brawling and quarreling. Ecclus. He thought he had a good quarrel to attack him.

Holingshed.

if, at any place higher on the declivity, any porous stratum, bed of rock, sand, or gravel, tails out, which may conduct and convey the water contained in it to the sand bed, which is below in the works; and, where any such bed is found, to cut or bore into it in such a manner as to form a drain that is capable of carrying away the whole or the greatest part of the water, and of course to clear or diminish the quantity contained in the quarry or pit, which would otherwise have continued to descend through such porous substrata or beds, and have continued to fill the sands, or quarries and pits. .

But a sufficient quantity to injure, hinder, and inconvenience the working of the quarries or pits, may yet continue to drain and ooze from the sides of the sand-beds, notwithstanding they should happen to dip towards the lower ground, in which case, however, the water may readily and with great ease be drawn off at some particular point in it. In order to effect this, and thereby remove the inconvenience of this filtrating water, in descending from the quarries or pits along the declivity, it should be endeavoured to discover and ascertain at what particular point or place, in the low ground, the sand terminates or tails out, which is mostly best accomplished by means of proper levelling; and if there should be there any appearance of the water's having a natural outlet, it may, by means of making in it a deep drain, be far more readily and effectually drawn off and removed; as springs, for the most part, naturally pass and flow through narrow, winding, convoluted openings, or perforations; of course, whenever the orifices or passages are opened, enlarged, or made lower than before, the discharge of water becomes greater and more expeditious. Where, however, there happens to be a deep impervious layer or covering of clay, or other matter of a similar nature, placed above or upon the termination or tail of the sand, the drain need only be cut down to it or a little way into it, as by means of boring through it, or the remaining portion of it, a ready and easy outlet or passage may be given to the whole of the water that may be contained in the sand-bed or other porous stratum.

In regard to the removal of the water found and contained in the bottoms of such quarries, pits, or deep works, it must be drained off and got rid of in quite a different manner, as the level of the ground may probably be, or decline, nowhere lower than the mouths or openings of such quarries, pits, &c.; as it is solely and particularly on the supposition, and in such cases as where the direction of the different strata and sand-beds have a dipping position with the natural inclination of the surface of the land, or lie nearly horizontally, that the method of proceeding which is stated above is practicable. But should they, for instance, lie in a reverse or contrary direction, there is but little possibility or chance of accomplishing the object, the removal of the water, unless by discovering or hitting on their terminations, somewhere on the opposite sides of the hills or elevations, which in some cases may very nearly or exactly be found out, by ascertaining the precise inclination or direction of the materials of the quarries, pits, &c.,

and by a careful and exact use of the level. But this will be much better comprehended, and a more full and perfect notion of its nature be a forded, by the section figure in the plate on draining quarries, pits, &c., in agriculture, given by Mr. Elkington, in his work on this subject. The water which is found in the bottoms of these different kinds of undertakings, or which proceeds from the rocks or their sides, or in other ways in the course of working them, is commonly got quit of by means of some sort of engine or pump, in order to assist in working of which the water gained by cutting the drains already noticed may be particularly useful, especially where the usual stream for that purpose is insufficient for that purpose, in saving the great expense of working such machinery by the power of steam. But without the aid of a natural stream, which is capable of being converted to this purpose, it is rarely possible to find, by means of drains, or in any other way, a quantity of water sufficient to drive weighty machinery, in a situation of proper height to have the full and necessary command of it.

It has been remarked in Mr. Elkington's work on draining, in these cases, that the duke of Buccleugh's coal-works, near Langholm, in the county of Dumfries, afford a striking example of the superior powers of water and machinery, when properly combined, where a command of the former can be had, and when the latter is constructed on proper principles, and conducted with that care and ingenuity which are requisite in such difficult undertakings.

Boring has been practised of late, with complete success, in the case of a colliery in the county of York, which had been wrought many years, and in which the water was raised about sixty yards by a steam-engine.

The actual working of quarries is an operation depending more on strength than skill. In quarrying sandstone, consisting of regular layers, the work is performed chiefly by means of the pick, wedge, hammer, and pinch or lever; recourse being seldom had to the more violent and irregular effects of gunpowder. But for some kinds of limestone, and for greenstone and basalt, blasting with gunpowder is resorted to; and some of the rocks called primitive, such as granite, gneiss, and sienite, could scarcely be torn asunder without it.

The burning of lime may be considered as belonging to the subject of quarrying. See our article LIME. The operation is performed in what are called draw-kilns, or perpetual kilns. These should always be close to or near the quarry, and either situated at a bank, or furnished with a ramp or inclined plane of earth for carting up the coal and lime to the top of the kiln. Lime-kilns may be built either of stone or brick; but the latter, as being better adapted to stand excessive degrees of heat, is considered as preferable. The outside form of such kilns is sometimes cylindrical, but more generally square. The inside should be formed in the shape of a hogshead, or an egg, opened a little at both ends, and set on the smallest; being small in circumference at the bottom, gradually wider towards the middle, and then contracting again towards