'Dancer,” in wax. He afterwards returned to his studies of the sporting world, exhibiting in December 1884 at the Petit Gallery two views of "Races" which had a great success, proving the increasing vogue of the artist among collectors. He is ranked with Manet as the leader of the "impressionist school." At the eighth Impressionist Exhibition, in 1886, Degas continued his realistic studies of modern life, showing drawings of the nude, of workwomen, and of jockeys. Besides his pastels and his paintings of genre and portraits-among these, several likenesses of Manet-Degas also handled his favourite subjects in etching and in aquatint; and executed several lithographs of "Singers at Cafés-concert," of "Balletgirls," and indeed of every possible subject of night-life and incidents behind the scenes. Degas is reputed not to have striven for official recognition; but his work is to be seen not only at the Luxembourg but in many of the great private collections in Paris, as in those of M. Camondo and M. Manzi, in England and America. In the Centenary Exhibition of 1900 he exhibited "The Interior of a Cotton-Broker's Office at New Orleans" (belonging to the Museum at Pau) and "The Rehearsal." See also G. MOORE. "Degas, the Painter of Modern Life," Magazine of Art, 1890.-J. K. HUYSMANS. Certains. Paris, 1889.-G. GEFFROY. La vie Artistique. (3o Serie.) Paris, 1894. Dehra, a town of British India, headquarters of the Dehra Dun district. In 1881 the population was 18,959; in 1891 it was 25,684; the municipal income in 1897-98 was Rs.27,518; the death-rate in 1897 was 27.15 per thousand. It is the headquarters of the Trigonometrical Survey, and of the Forest Department, besides being a cantonment for a Gurkha regiment; it has an American Presbyterian mission. Dehra Dun, a district of British India, in the Meerut division of the North-West Provinces. Its area is 1193 square miles. The population in 1881 was 144,070; in 1891 it was 168,135, giving an average density of 141 persons per square mile. In 1901 the population was 177,646, showing an increase of 6 per cent. The land revenue and rates were Rs.1,12,666, the incidence of assessment being R.0-5-9 per acre; the cultivated area in 1896-97 was 87,912 acres, of which 23,441 were irrigated; the number of police was 372; there were 22 vernacular schools, with 705 pupils; the death-rate in 1897 was 24.25 per thousand. A railway to Dehra from Hardwar, on the Oudh and Rohilkhand line (32 miles), was completed in 1900. Up to 1897-98 the capital outlay on the Dun canals was Rs.7,15,311; the net receipts in that year were Rs.68,151, showing a profit of 9.5 per cent. There are four printing-presses, issuing two English and one vernacular newspapers; and three breweries. Tea gardens cover an area of nearly 5000 acres. Deir, or Deir ez-Zor, a town of Asiatic Turkey, on the right bank of the Euphrates, at an altitude of 806 feet. It is the capital of the Zor sanjak, which was formed in 1857, and includes Rás el-'Ain to the east, and Palmyra to the west of the river. The town is connected by a bridge with an island, whence there is a ferry to the left bank. The climate is healthy, but hot. Large numbers of sheep and camels are bred in the sanjak, and cereals are grown. Roads lead to Aleppo and Damascus, and, by Sinjar, to Mosul. The population of the sanjak is 100,000, chiefly nomads; of the town, 7000, including a few Christians and Jews. Dekalb, a city of Dekalb county, Illinois, U.S.A., in the northern part of the state, at the intersection of two railways. Population (1890), 2579; (1900), 5904, of whom 1520 were foreign-born. Dekker, Edward Douwes (1820-1887), the Dutch writer, commonly known as MULTATULI, was born at Amsterdam on the 2nd of March 1820. His father, a ship's captain, intended his son for trade, but this humdrum prospect disgusted him, and in 1838 he went out to Java, and obtained a post in the Inland Revenue. He rose from one position to another, until, in 1851, he found himself assistant-resident at Amboyna, in the Moluccas. In 1857 he was transferred to Lebak, in the Bantam residency of Java. By this time, however, all the secrets of Dutch administration were known to him, and he had begun to protest against the abuses of the colonial system. In consequence he was threatened with dismissal from his office for his openness of speech, and, throwing up his appointment, he returned to Holland in a state of fierce indignation. He determined to expose in detail the scandals he had witnessed, and he began to do so in newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice, however, was taken of his protestations, until, in 1860, he published, under the pseudonym of "Multatuli," his romance entitled Max Havelaar. An attempt was made to ignore this brilliant and irregular book, but in vain; it was read all over Europe. The exposure of the abuse of free labour in the Dutch Indies was complete, although there were not wanting apologists who accused Dekker's terrible picture of being over-coloured. He was now fairly launched on literature, and he lost no time in publishing Love Letters (1861), which, in spite of their mild title, proved to be mordant satires of the most rancorous and unsparing kind. The literary merit of Multatuli's work was much contested; he received an unexpected and most valuable ally in Vosmaer. He continued to write much, and to faggot his miscellanies in uniform volumes called Ideas, of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877. Douwes Dekker quitted Holland, shaking off her dust from his feet, and went to live at Wiesbaden. He now made several attempts to gain the stage, and one of his pieces, The School for Princes, 1875 (published in the fourth volume of Ideas), pleased himself so highly that he is said to have styled it the greatest drama ever written. It is a fine poem, written in blank verse, like an English tragedy, and not in Dutch Alexandrines; but it is undramatic, and has not held the boards. Douwes Dekker moved his residence to Nieder Ingelheim, on the Rhine, and there he died on the 19th of February 1887. Towards the end of his career he was the centre of a crowd of disciples and imitators, who did his reputation no service; he is now, again, in danger of being read too little. To understand his fame, it is necessary to remember the sensational way in which he broke into the dulness of Dutch literature forty years ago, like a flame out of the Far East. He was ardent, provocative, perhaps a little hysterical, but he made himself heard all over Europe. He brought an exceedingly severe indictment against the egotism and brutality of the administrators of Dutch India, and he framed it in a literary form which Not satisfied with this, he was brilliantly original. attacked, in a fury that was sometimes blind, everything that seemed to him falsely conventional in Dutch religion, government, society, and morals. He respected nothing, he left no institution untouched. Now that it is possible to look back upon Multatuli without passion, we see in "the second writer him, not what Dutch enthusiasm saw,presumably the first),—but a great man who was a powerof Europe in the nineteenth century" (Victor Hugo being ful and glowing author, yet hardly an artist, a reckless enthusiast, who was inspired by indignation and a burning sense of justice, who cared little for his means if only he could produce his effect. He is seen to his best and worst in Max Havelaar; his Ideas, hard, fantastic, and sardonic, seldom offer any solid satisfaction to the foreign reader. in 1865. In 1854 he turned his attention to solar physics, and for the purpose of obtaining a daily photographic representation of the state of the solar surface he devised the photoheliograph. This instrument is described in his report to the British Association, "On Celestial Photo Delane, John Thaddeus (1817-1879),graphy in England" (1859), and in his Bakerian Lecture editor of The Times, was born 11th October 1817, in De la Rue, Warren (1815-1889), British astronomer and chemist, son of Thomas de la Rue, the founder of the large firm of stationers of that name in London, was born in Guernsey on 18th January 1815. Having completed his education in Paris, he entered his father's business, but in his leisure hours he devoted himself with success to chemical and electrical researches, and between 1836 and 1848 published several papers on these subjects. Towards the end of this period he was attracted to astronomy, and with the aid of a 13-inch reflecting telescope, the optical parts of which were made entirely by himself, he executed many drawings of the celestial bodies of singular beauty and fidelity. His name, however, will be chiefly remembered as one of the earliest and most successful pioneers in the application of the art of photography to astronomical research. In the year 1851 his attention was drawn to a daguerreotype of the moon by G. P. Bond, which was exhibited at the Great Exhibition of that year. Encouraged by this first attempt, and employing the more rapid wet - collodion process, he succeeded before long in obtaining exquisitely defined automatic pictures of the moon, which remained unsurpassed until the appearance of the Rutherfurd photographs (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. clii. pp. 333-416). Regular work with this instrument was inaugurated at Kew by De la Rue in 1858, and was carried on there for fourteen years; since 1872 it has been continued at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. The results obtained in the years 1862-1866 are discussed in two memoirs published by De la Rue, in conjunction with Professor Balfour Stewart and Mr B. Loewy, in the Phil. Trans. (vol. clix. pp. 1-110, and vol. clx. pp. 389-496), entitled "Researches on Solar Physics." In the year 1860 De la Rue took the photoheliograph to Spain for the purpose of photographing the total eclipse of the sun, which occurred on July the 18th of that year. This expedition formed the subject of the Bakerian Lecture already referred to. The photographs obtained on that occasion proved beyond doubt the solar character of the prominences, or red flames, seen around the limb of the moon during a solar eclipse. In 1873 De la Rue gave up active work in astronomy, and presented most of his astronomical instruments to the University Observatory, Oxford. Subsequently, in the year 1887, he provided the same observatory with a 13-inch refractor to enable it to take part in the International Photographic Survey of the Heavens. In conjunction with Dr Hugo Müller, he published several papers of a chemical character between the years 1856 and 1862. He was twice President of the Chemical Society, and also of the Royal Astronomical Society (1864-1866). In 1862 he received the gold medal of the latter society, and in 1864 a Royal medal from the Royal Society, for his observations on the total eclipse of the sun in 1860, and for his improvements in astronomical photography. He died on 19th April 1889. (A. A. R*.) Delaware. One of the Middle Atlantic States of the American Union, and next to Rhode Island the smallest in extent, Delaware is situated on the Atlantic seaboard, and forms part of the peninsula between the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Its total land surface is approximately 1960 square miles. The population in 1870 was 125,015, of whom 102,221 were white and 22,794 coloured; in 1880 it was 146,608, of whom 120,160 were white, 26,442 coloured, 5 civilized Indians, and 1 Chinese. In 1890 it was 168,493, of whom 140,066 were white, 28,386 coloured, 37 Chinese, and 4 civilized Indians. In 1900 the population was 184,735, of whom 153,997 were white, 30,677 negroes, 51 Chinese, 1 Japanese, and 9 Indians. Out of 54,018 males 21 years of age and over, 7538 were illiterate (unable to write), of whom 3945 were white and 3593 coloured. Of the total population 94,158 (51 per cent.) were males, and 90,557 (49 per cent.) females; 170,925 (92.5 per cent.) were native-born, and 13,810 (7-5 per cent.) foreign-born. The increase in population from 1890 to 1900 was 9.6 per cent., and the number of inhabitants per square mile in 1900 was 94.2. There were 35 incorporated cities and towns. The largest city was Wilmington, with 76,508 inhabitants. The city next in size, Newcastle, had a population of but 3380, while the largest town, Dover, the State capital, had 3329. In Indian River Hundred, Sussex county, there lives a race of persons, nearly white, called "Indians" or "Moors," whose origin is unknown, although local tradition says they are the descendants of some Moorish sailors who were cast ashore years ago in a shipwreck. They do not associate with persons of negro descent; and they maintain separate churches and schools, the latter receiving State aid. Delaware is an agricultural and manufacturing State. Much of it is in a high state of cultivation. Besides wheat, maize, and other grain, peaches are grown in immense quantities and sent over the country. Strawberries, raspberries, and other small fruits are raised for transportation. Increased attention has lately been given to dairy products. The canning of fruits, vegetables, meats and poultry, is carried on extensively. The kaolin mines were among those first worked in the United States, the product in 1899 being 10,500 tons, valued at $91,500. The forests, which afforded excellent timber, including white oak for the building of ships, have been greatly reduced by constant cutting. In the northern part of the State there are numerous and important manufactories. Wilmington and its suburbs have large machine shops, whose products, including marine engines and boilers and paper and pulp machines, are justly renowned; cotton, cotton-finishing, paper, morocco, patent leather, vulcanized fibre, car-wheel, carriage, and silk factories; rolling-mills and bridge works. Cars, for steam and street railways, are manufactured on a large scale. Upwards of 400 iron steamships have been built in Wilmington, exceeding in number and in aggregate tonnage those constructed in any other American city. The flour-mills on the Brandywine, founded in 1762, are famous, and the Dupont Gunpowder Works, 6 miles from Wilmington, are the oldest and largest in the country. There is a petroleum refinery at Marcus Hook. According to the census of 1900, the number of manufacturing establishments in the State (excluding 169 having an annual product of less than $500 each) was 1417, in which was invested a total capital (including land, buildings, machinery, tools, &c., but not including capital stock) of $41,203,239. There were 1327 salaried employées receiving salaries amounting to $1,422,831, and an average number of 22,203 wage-earners receiving $9,263,661 in wages. The cost of materials used, including mill supplies, freight, fuel, &c., was $26,652,601, and the miscellaneous expenses (including rent, taxes, &c., but not including interest on capital invested) $2,158,350. The added values of the products in the different establishments amounted to $45,387,630. If from this gross value be deducted, in order to avoid duplication, the value ($15,849,388) of materials purchased in a partly manufactured form-where the finished product of one industry is used later as the raw material for another the net value is found to be $29,538,242. If the steel and rollingmills, car shops, foundry and machine shops, and shipbuilding be grouped as the iron and steel industry, there were in this industry fifty-three establishments having a capital of $14,929,935, employing 8536 wage-earners, paying $4,265,670 as wages, and having a gross product of $13,953,379. The leather industry ranks next in importance, with twenty establishments, a capital of $5,178,804, 2457 wage-earners receiving $1,044,903, and gross product of $9,400,504. The Delaware and Chesapeake Canal connects the Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, and affords water transit for produce between Philadelphia and Baltimore. The Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore Railroad, and the Baltimore and Philadelphia Railroad run through the northern part of the State; the Wilmington and Northern Railroad communicates with the Pennsylvania coal region; the Delaware Railroad runs through the whole length of the State below Wilmington, connecting with various railways that reach either the Atlantic Ocean or the Chesapeake Bay; while another line, running directly across the lower part of the State, connects, at Queenstown, Maryland, with steamers for Baltimore. The financial condition of the State is excellent, the assets, in bonds, railway mortgages, and bank stocks, exceeding the liabilities. Besides the income from assets, the State revenues are derived from taxes on licences, on commissions to public officers, on railway and banking companies, and to a slight extent from taxes on collateral inheritances, and on investments, as bonds, mortgages, notes and stocks, the investment tax yielding in 1899 only $1,311.35. There are county taxes, on land and live-stock, for the care of the roads and the poor; local taxes, levied on the rental value of land and on live-stock, towards the support of the public schools; town taxes, and, in same places, ditch taxes. The vital statistics of the State are of little value, not having been systematically kept. A State Board of Health was organized in 1879, and there are now local boards in various towns. There is in each county a jail and an almshouse. Under recent legislation there is to be established in Newcastle county a workhouse, where persons under sentence must labour for eight hours each secular day, pay being allowed for overwork, and credit given, by reduction of sentence, for good behaviour. There is a State hospital for the insane. A certain number of persons are maintained out of the State School fund at outside institutions, such as the Pennsylvania Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and the Pennsylvania Training School for Feeble-Minded Children. There are various private charities, particularly in the city of Wilmington. Education exhibits progress. Delaware College, at Newark, with the support of Federal grants, steadily increases in efficiency. The maintenance of a system of public schools is rendered compulsory by the State Constitution. The State School fund, ranging from about $130,000 to $140,000 a year, is apportioned among the school districts, and is used exclusively for teachers' salaries and free text-books. In the apportionment no discrimination is allowed on account of race or colour; but separate schools for white and coloured children must be provided, and there is a State college for coloured students. Besides the State Board of Education, there is in each county a School Commission and a Superintendent of Public Schools, and in each district a School Committee chosen by the voters of the district, with power to levy taxes. At school elections women as well as men may be qualified to vote. The Constitution now in force was framed in 1897, superseding the Constitution of 1831. Following the precedent recently set elsewhere, it was published and put into operation by authority of a resolution of the Constitutional Convention, without submission to the people. In the General Assembly the number of Representatives is raised from 21 to 35, and of Senators from 9 to 17, equal county representation being done away with. The State is divided into 35 representative districts, Newcastle county having 15, and Kent and Sussex each 10; and 17 senatorial districts, Newcastle having 7, and Kent and Sussex each 5. Of the 15 Newcastle Representatives, Wilmington has 5; of the 7 Senators, 2. The sessions of the General Assembly, held at Dover, the State capital, are still biennial. The members receive an allowance for cach day of the session not exceeding sixty, after which they get no compensation. At a special session the daily allowance is limited to thirty days. Legislative divorces are prohibited. The Governor's appointments to office must, except in certain cases, be confirmed by the Senate. He has a suspensory veto on legislation. Certain State officers, including the AttorneyGeneral, and various county officers, formerly appointed by the Governor, are now elected. The judges are still appointed, but only for terms of twelve years. All persons coming of age, or becoming citizens of the United States, after 1st January 1900, must, in order to vote, be able to read the State Constitution in English and write their names. The payment of a polltax as a prerequisite to voting is abolished, and all eligible persons are registered on payment of a fee of one dollar. Persons charged with bribery at elections are triable by the court on information and without a jury. A Board of Pardons, consisting of the Chancellor and certain administrative officers, is created, and no reprieve for more than six months, or commutation of sentence, or pardon, can be granted by the Governor unless on the written recommendation of a majority of this Board. There is also established a State Board of Agriculture. The Judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, a Superior Court, a Court of Chancery, an Orphans' Court, a Court of Oyer and Terminer, a Register's Court, and Justices of the Peace. There are six State judges, namely, a Chancellor, a Chief Justice, and four Associate judges. The Chancellor, Chief Justice, and one of the Associates may be appointed from and reside in any part of the State; the other three Associates may be appointed from any part of the State, but must reside one in each county. The five law judges compose the Superior Court, Court of General Sessions, and Court of Oyer and Terminer, but not S. III. 51 more than three of them can sit together in any one of those courts, though three must do so whenever practicable. Two constitute a quorum, save in the Court of Oyer and Terminer, where three are required. The Supreme Court consists, on error or appeal from a law court, of the Chancellor, who presides, and such of the five law judges as did not sit below; on appeal from the Court of Chancery, of the five law judges, three of whom constitute a quorum. In politics, since the close of the Civil War in 1865, the State has generally been Democratic. But, in 1889, a Republican was elected to the United States Senate; and candidates of the same party were, in 1894, 1898, and 1900, chosen to the National House of Representatives, and, in 1894 and 1900, to the Governorship. In 1895, 1899, and 1901, the Legislature, being then Republican, was, because of a division in the party as to candidates, unable to elect a United States Senator, so that the State had, from 4th March 1895 till 1897, and from 4th March 1899 till 4th March 1901 only one United States Senator, and none at the special session of the Senate in March 1900. In 1896 and 1900, Mr M'Kinley, the Republican candidate for the Presidency, partly because of the attitude of the Gold Democrats, carried the State by large majorities. General Grant obtained, as the Republican candidate in 1872, a small majority. (J. B. M*.) Delaware, capital of Delaware county, Ohio, U.S.A., on the Olentangy river, at an altitude of 902 feet. It has three railways, the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago, and St Louis, the Columbus, Sandusky and Hocking, and the Hocking Valley. The Ohio Wesleyan University, located here, had, in 1899, 53 professors and instructors, and 1055 students, one-third of whom were women. Its property was valued at over $1,300,000, and its income was $62,000. Population (1880), 6894; (1890), 8224; (1900), 7940, of whom 572 were foreignborn and 432 negroes. Delaware River, a river of the eastern United States, rises in the Catskill Mountains, in south-eastern New York, and flows south-west to the north-east corner of Pennsylvania; thence, with a south-east course, it forms the boundary between New York and Pennyslvania, and farther down, with a course alternating between south-east and south-west, it forms the boundary between New Jersey on the east and Pennsylvania and Delaware on the west. It has no well-defined mouth, but gradually widens into Delaware Bay. It is navigable to Trenton, where are falls, a distance from the capes of the Delaware of 128 miles. Its entire length from its head to the capes at the entrance to Delaware Bay is upwards of 400 miles and its drainage basin comprises 12,012 square miles. In its upper course, after leaving the Catskills, it flows alternately through the valleys between the Appalachian ridges. and across these ridges through water-gaps. The most picturesque and best known of these is Delaware WaterGap. The falls at Trenton, which have been utilised for power, are produced by the passage of the river over a fault-line from hard granite rocks to soft Tertiary beds. Delbrück, Martin Friedrich Rudolf, Prussian statesman (1817-), was born at Berlin on 16th April 1817. On completing his legal studies he entered the service of the State in 1837; and after holding a series of minor posts, was transferred in 1844 to the Ministry of Commerce, which was to be the sphere of his real life's work. Both Germany and Austria had realized the influence of commercial upon political union. Delbrück in 1851 induced Hanover, Oldenburg, and SchaumburgLippe to join the Zollverein; and the southern States, which had agreed to admit Austria to the union, found themselves forced in 1853 to renew the old union, from which Austria was excluded. Delbrück now began, with the support of Bismarck, to apply the principles of Free Trade to Prussian fiscal policy. In 1862 he concluded an important commercial treaty with France, which he succeeded in inducing the southern States to accept. After the Prussian victories of 1866, a Zollbundesrath or Federal Council was constituted, in which Delbrück, who became the first President of the Bundeskanzleramt or Federal Chancellery (1867), represented Bismarck in political as well as commercial questions. In 1868 he became a Prussian Minister without portfolio. In October 1870, when the political union of Germany under Prussian headship became a practical question, Delbrück was chosen to go on a mission to the South German States, and contributed greatly to the agreements concluded at Versailles in November. In 1871 he became President of the newly constituted Reichskanzleramt. Delbrück now, however, began to feel himself uneasy under Bismarck's leanings towards Protection and State control. On the introduction of Bismarck's plan for the acquisition of the railways by the State, Delbrück resigned office, nominally on the ground of ill-health (1st June 1876). In 1879 he opposed in the Reichstag the new protectionist tariff, and on the failure of his efforts retired definitely from public life. In Delcassé, Théophile (1852——), French statesman, was born at Pamiers, in the department of Ariège, on 1st March 1852. He wrote articles on foreign affairs for the République Française and Paris, and in 1888 was elected Conseiller Général of his native department, standing as "un disciple fidèle de Gambetta." the following year he entered the Chamber as deputy for Foix. He was appointed Under Secretary for the Colonies in the second Ribot Cabinet (January to April 1893), and retained his post in the Dupuy Cabinet till its fall in December 1893. It was largely owing to his efforts that the French Colonial Office was made a separate department with a Minister at its head, and to this office he was appointed in the second Dupuy Cabinet (May 1894 to January 1895). He gave a great impetus to French colonial enterprise, especially in West Africa, where he organized the newly acquired colony of Dahomey, and despatched the Liotard mission to the Upper Ubangi. While in opposition, he devoted special attention to naval affairs, and in speeches that attracted much notice declared that the function of the French navy was to secure and develop colonial enterprise, deprecated all attempts to rival the British fleet, and advocated the construction of commerce-destroyers as France's best reply to England. On the formation of the second Brisson Cabinet in June 1898 he succeeded M. Hanotaux at the Foreign Office, and retained that post under the subsequent premierships of MM. Dupuy and Waldeck-Rousseau. In 1898 he had to deal with the delicate situation caused by Captain Marchand's occupation of Fashoda, for which, as he admitted in a speech in the Chamber on 23rd January 1899, he accepted full responsibility, since it arose directly out of the Liotard expedition, which he had himself organized while Minister for the Colonies; and in March 1899 he concluded an agreement with Great Britain by which the difficulty was finally adjusted, and France consolidated her vast colonial empire in North-West Africa. In the same year he acted as mediator between the United States and Spain, and brought the peace negotiations to a successful conclusion. He introduced greater cordiality into the relations of France with Italy: at the same time he adhered firmly to the alliance with Russia, and in August 1899 made a visit to St Petersburg, which he repeated in April 1901. In June 1900 he concluded an important agreement with Spain, fixing.the long-disputed boundaries of the French and Spanish possessions in West Africa. Delft, a town in the province of South Holland, Netherlands, 10 miles north-west of Rotterdam by rail. Formerly it rivalled Rotterdam in the importance of its shipping and commerce, but it is now only the market for the butter and cheese of the fertile district around. There is still |