Scotland, was the necessary consequence of the intimate connection which, during the tender years of the latter, existed between them. Letters of the French Queen and the royal mistress still exist amongst the Balcarres Papers in the library of the Faculty of Advocates, addressed to Mary of Guise, showing the familiar terms and great intimacy which subsisted between them and Mary. What chance could a susceptible and originally amiable girl have with two such instructors? One of them would teach her revenge, murder, and dissimulation; and the other - but better woman we fear, not the practice of virtue. Was not the court of Henry II. the hot-bed of almost every vice under the sun? Yet there the poor girl was sent by an ambitious mother and unscrupulous churchman, to be brought up. The seeds then sown would never be entirely eradicated.

Lax as notions assuredly were in 1560, we cannot but feel surprise that a mother and a high churchman could have selected such a place for the education of the young Queen of Scotland; but the Primate of Scotland did not himself scruple to indulge in those vices which were deemed venial by ecclesiastics; and the regent was too anxious to further the ambitious views of her own relatives to regard the welfare of her child. Had the custody and education of Mary been transferred to England, her fate would have been otherwise than it was. Even had she remained in her own barbarous realms, she would have been preserved from the pestilential advice and practices of one of the most infamous women that ever disgraced the pages of history.

"ROBIN ADAIR."

(3rd S. iv. 130.)

J. M.

I have some old notes upon this song, made by the son of one "who knew well" Robin Adair, to whom it was addressed; and who was also himself an intimate acquaintance of Robin's second son, Foster Adair, Esq., his successor, in possession of his residence of Hollybrook, co. Wicklow. According to these notes, the words of this song, as also of another called the " Kilruddery Hunt"a familiarly told and spirited account of a fox hunt of the year 1744-"were the production of Mr. St. Leger, a gentleman of fortune and family," whose residence, called Puckstown, in the county of Dublin, was but a few miles distant from both Hollybrook, and, nearly adjoining thereto, Kilruddery the seat of the Earls of Meath, whence the name of the "Kilruddery

Hunt."

Robert Adair, Esq., whose memory is handed down under the name of "Robin Adair," was a descendant of Archibald Adair, Bishop of Lis

more and Waterford; who sprung from an old family, long previously resident in Scotland.* Robin's elder son, "Johnny Adair," of Kilternan, appears among those named as present at the run in the "Kilruddery Hunt" song. Robin is described in my notes as "a plain, manly, jolly fellow-the delight of the numerous and respectable friends with whom he associated, on account of his extraordinary convivial qualities— of generous hospitality, friendship, and good humour:" and the song is noticed as showing the "warmth of that friendship which subsisted between that gentleman and his friends," among the number of whom was the composer of the words of the song; which, adds the notes, "have been most whimsically adapted to the sweet plaintive old Irish air of Aileen aroon.'" The familiarly expressed words of this drinking song were possibly intended, originally, for the inner circle alone of intimate friendship.

Robin's almost unparalleled powers of endurance at the festive board enabled him, in a manner which has become the subject of family tradition and recorded anecdote, to join, or rather lead, with seeming impunity in the observance of those old-fashioned habits of hospitality of his day, which allowed such unlimited sway to the Bacchanalian god. Two gigantic claret-glasses of his, of quartcapacity, are to this day preserved in the family of the descendant of one of Robin's daughters, and present owner of the picturesque demesne of Hollybrook, Sir George F. J. Hodson, Bart., who, and Lord Molesworth, descended from another daughter, are the present representatives of Robin. An old wire-strung Irish harp of Robin's, also preserved in Sir George's family, would tend to prove that the old fashions alluded to did not prevent Robin cultivating a taste for more refined pursuits. Robin flourished in the earlier portion of the eighteenth century. E. K. J.

OLD BINDINGS.

(2nd S. xii. 432.)

the binding of a worm-eaten copy of Calvin's JAMES REID relates an interesting discovery in Sermons on the Galatians; and urges other readers of " N. & Q." to look to the outside as well as the inside of their old books. About two years since I purchased at Puttick and Simpson's a thick quarto volume of old plays. It was much wormeaten; but I bought it for one play I wanted. On breaking up the volume I found the sides to consist entirely of leaves of old black-letter books, pasted together. On account of their wormed condition, it required much care to dissect them.

* Landed Gentry, edit. 1846; name, "Adair of Bellegrove, Queen's County.

The following is the result: 1. Sixteen folio leaves of a work on the Discipline of the Catholic Church, rubricated. 2. Four folio leaves of 'Lectures or early Homilies of the Church, by Bede, Gregory, Fulgentius, &c. These are also rubricated, and contain four woodcut initials, each about two inches high by an inch and a half wide. The first of such woodcuts is the appearing of Angels to the Shepherds at the Nativity. The second is a bishop and council in conclave. The third seems to be the preaching of St. John the Baptist in the Wilderness; Jerusalem is in the distance, and many of the auditors are shaven monks. The fourth is a monk carrying a large clasped book on his left arm. 3. Sixteen leaves and fragments of a small quarto, Directorium aut potius castigatoriũ cõcubiario¥ saluberrimũ, &c. &c. On the title-page (the beginning of which is as above), is a woodcut 3 inches high by 24 inches wide, representing the art of printing. On the right hand is the compositor seated at work, with his "stick" in his hand, and his " copy" suspended before him. On a shelf over his head lie three clasped books, a folio and two quartos. In the centre of the picture is the press, on the crossbeam of which are the words Prelũ Ascêsiansi. On the left is the pressman, pin" in hand, screwing down; and behind him an assistant with an inking "pad" in each hand. This last work has several woodcut initials, and the only date I can find in the whole, 1513.

66

The letters, which are autograph, are addressed by L. Morris to "The Honourable Thomas Walker, his Majesty's Surveyor of Mines, and Mr. Sharpe of the Treasury." They are all written between the years 1744-47, and all refer to the maintenance of the crown rights in the Welsh silver and lead mines in Cardiganshire, and in particular in the manor of Perveth, on which encroachments had long been made by the companies of mining adventurers, and by the great county families. He complains of the difficulty of doing his duty to the crown, of the strong opposition which he had to meet with; of threats to prosecute him for

trespass; of its being impossible to execute a survey; of the difficulty of obtaining information, the mouths of the poor people being closed by menaces; of an attempt, by one of the families disputing the crown rights, to eject him forcibly from a house which he had taken near the centre of the mining district; of his being appointed to compulsory offices in the county, so as to prevent him from doing his duty under the warrant from the crown. He is constantly reminding the crown officers, and Mr. Sharp in particular, of the absolute impossibility of his carrying on the battle unless properly supported with funds, and unless indemnified against the actions which he foresees would be brought against him, and, considering the power of the local magistrates at that time, with every prospect of success. He seeks to convince the crown of the necessity of taking certain steps-such as the appointment of a crown solicitor from another and a distant county, and the displacement of the steward of the manor; and not unfrequently assumes an indignant strain towards his correspondent, Mr. Sharpe, for his slackness in carrying out his suggestions-"For God's sake let me hear from you on this matter! 'Tis impossible for me to fight the king's battles single-handed." A zealous officer,-evidently not likely to conciliate opposition, or to make things pleasant.

What all this came to, and how this zeal was rewarded, appears from copies of certain depositions sworn in a cause of Williams against respecting the rich mine of Esgair Mwyn in the year 1754, and bound up with the letters above quoted. Williams would appear to have been a common person, induced by certain of the great landowners to assert a title to the mine, he having nothing to lose, and having sold his interest to them. Evan Williams (not the plaintiff) says that he was a partner with others in working the mine under Mr. Lewis Morris, who, as he understood, let it under the crown. That at that time there were reports of mobs being raised by one George Jones, Mr. Powell, and others, to take possession of the mine. That the defendant saw the said George Jones, John Ball, and others, to the number of some hundreds, on Feb. 23, 1753, come with arms to the said mine, and saw them take away the said Lewis Morris by force to prison ; and heard the plaintiff curse the said John Ball and Mr. Powell for the mischief they had done, and hope to God that wicked people would not gain their ends against him, but that he would be again in possession of the said mine.

I have recently been told that this was an astonishing instance of violence, both the assailants and defenders of the work having brought up cannon to their assistance, and life having been lost on both sides.

There is only one other letter in the book, and

that is by Lewis Morris to a correspondent, whom he addresses as 66 My Lord." It is dated Penbryn House, July, 1763, some ten years later than the above. He says:

"I am very glad that my poor endeavours pleased you; but, to understand me the better, it may not be amiss to let you know my situation. I am neither in want nor great riches, but enjoy contentment of mind. I have no connection with any people in power, and am not solicitous of obtaining any favour, except it were a sinecure, my hands and feet being scarcely fit for any business of activity at present. I find myself by the decay in my materials to be drawing towards a dissolution. I have hit on ungrateful masters in the Treasury, and I look on all the pains I have taken to come at knowledge as thrown away by a mistaken application. All that I have at present any care for are a wife and seven small children, the welfare of whom it is my duty to study. My other children and grandchildren are provided for pretty well." He then goes on to give his correspondent advice about his mines in Cardiganshire, and enlarges on the difficulty of setting a mine into profitable working : —

"This I did for the crown at Esgair Mwyn without any assistance, but having against me a tribe of villains, and the world sees how they rewarded me. Even my letters to Mr. Sharpe in the course of the lawsuit were handed about, and shown to Mr. Powell to exasperate him against me. Those that had been friends to the crown were no more friends unless they joined with Mr. Sharpe in endeavouring to ruin me."

He then goes on to warn his correspondent against having anything to do with a mining agent of the name of Ball, and encloses papers to prove

his case:

Paper A. was exhibited against J. Ball in the year 1753, about the time the trial was between the Crown and Mr. Powell about Esgair Mwyn, soon after my imprisonment by Mr. Powell's rebels at Cardigan."

These papers show that- Lewis Morris was not, as LELIUS suggests, "ruined." They show what the nature of his "imprisonment" was; not, as some of your readers may have thought, imprisonment on a criminal charge, but a lawless act of violence not unusual a century ago in Wales, to which he does not scruple to allude in a letter. Whatever his grievance against the Treasury, or whatever the cause of quarrel, they show that LÆLIUS's "embezzlement" is a pure product of imagination.

If these extracts convince your readers, as I think they must, that LELIUS has made a foolish attack upon a great reputation, I shall be satisfied. I suppose it is vain to suggest caution to a gentleman, who, as he says, "for thirty-three years has written for the magazines." But it is a matter of duty nevertheless. CAMBRIAN.

"FAMILY BURYING GROUND" (3rd S. v. 377.)ABHBA will find the passage of which he is in search in Prior's Life of Burke (2nd edit. 1826, vol. i. p. 40). Burke visited Westminster Abbey

"I have not the least doubt that the finest poem in the English language, Milton's Il Penseroso, was composed in the long-resounding aisle of a mouldering cloister, or ivy'd abbey. Yet, after all, do you know that I would rather sleep in the southern corner of a little country churchyard, than in the Tomb of the Capulets. I should like, however, that my dust should mingle with kindred dust. The good old expression, family burying ground,' has something pleasing in it, at least to me.'

I gladly inserted this passage in a work of my own On the Reverence due to Holy Places, 1846, both from its beauty, and feeling satisfied that the general introduction of cemeteries, needful as they unquestionably are, must rapidly diminish the number of" family burying places" in our churchyards. J. H. MARKLAND.

SHEEN PRIORY (3rd S. v. 379.) - Your correspondent, W. C., is correct in his information of some spirited drawings in the Bodleian of Shene Monastery, by Wyngürde, taken from the seat of Lord Bacon, on the opposite side of the Thames, in the parish of Twickenham. They were discovered at Antwerp, and their date is about the end of Mary, or beginning of Elizabeth. Connected with these drawings, but I cannot say how, is the name of Mr. Whittock, an engraver, of 34, Richard Street, Liverpool Road, Islington, N.*

AN OCCASIONAL CORRESPONDENT.

used in Scotland for " FARDEL OF LAND (3rd S. v. 358.) — Fardel is favourite Scotch cake called "short bread" is a a fourth." Thus, the large, circular, flat cake cut into four pieces, each of which is called a fardel. A fardel of land may local measure. be the fourth part of a hide, plough, acre, or some W. E.

ENGLISH TOPOGRAPHY IN DUTCH (3rd S. v. 55.) As the book is said to be "written in High Dutch, and printed at Nuremberg," I presume it is in German. I do not know it, but have a Dutch work which is probably translated or abridged from it: —

"Historische Landbeschryvinge van Groot Brittanjen ofte Engelandt, Schotlant, en Yrlandt, mitsgaders de rontzomgelegen Eylanden. Nu eerst door een Liefhebber in't Licht gebracht. Middelburg, 1666. 12mo, pp. 592."

The large folded view of London, by Wyngürde, has been engraved, by permission of the trustees of the Bodleian Library, by N. Whittock, and was published a few Vide "N. & Q." 2nd S, viii. 331.—ED.] years since by Messrs. Whittock and Hyde, of Islington.

The matter of the work, so far as I have examined it, is taken from Camden, but instead of maps of the counties, bird's-eye views of the towns are given. That of Stafford has ten hills, a wall going round about two-thirds of the town, a fortified gate towards Eccleshall, and what is probably a drawbridge towards Lichfield. As to the fortifications,

"De Stadt is van Eduard den ouden getimmert, en van de coningh Jan ingenomen. Naet Oosten en zuyden is sy andere zijden wordt sy door staende poelen beschermt. Den Omringh der Wallen 240 Schreden zijnde.” (P. 194.) The description of Rutland is very short, and there is no plan or map to it. An outline of British history to the Restoration is prefixed. I shall be happy to lend the book to T. P. E. if, after this notice, he wishes to see it. H. B. C. U. U. Club.

van haer Baronnen met een muer omtrocken. Aan de

"IN THE MIDST OF LIFE WE ARE IN DEATH," ETC. (3rd S. v. 177.)-Some years ago I made considerable researches regarding the origin of the sentence "In the midst of life we are in death," having been told it was to be found in the Bible. The best answer I could then meet with was, that it was a free translation of 1 Sam. xx. 3, "There is but a step between me and death." Notwithstanding the able remarks in " N. & Q." tracing it to a German origin, I am still loath, with Robert Hall, to give up the idea that it is to be found in Scripture. It occurs to me, therefore, that any one having access to a good collection of early English or Latin translations of the Bible, may, perhaps, find the above verse so rendered. FENTONIA.

THE ROBIN (3rd S. v. 347.)—The charge of parricide against robin-redbreast is not altogether without foundation; though, when explained, all guilt is taken away from the unfortunate bird. If he killed his father, it was under the same circumstances as the Greek tragedians represent the death of Laius by his son Edipus-entirely an accident, without any malice aforethought. Indeed, the pugnacity of the robin is rather from noble feeling, and is mentioned, to his credit, by Bewick in his accurate history of British Birds:"During the time of incubation, the male sits at no

great distance, and makes the woods resound with his delightful warble; he keenly chases all the birds of his own species, and drives them from his little settlement: for it has never been known that two pairs of these birds, who are as faithful as they are amorous, were lodged at the same time in the same bush."

tingly; for the fight, as I know from having watched them, usually takes place between a young and an old bird, to the death of the latter. Hence the common observation in rural districts: "You never see a robin two years' old." But this is from the uxorious accident, not from any sanguinary animus. The disposition of the robin is peculiarly mild and benevolent. It was he that covered with a leafy tomb the babes in the wood, exposed to starvation by their cruel uncle. And, "Who killed cock-robin ?"-not his son, but that impudent highwayman the sparrow; while the other birds all volunteered to take each a part in the funeral service over their favourite, slain by a poacher's arrow "Occidit; exsequias ite frequenter aves." Further: "Odimus accipitrem, quia semper vivit in armis." The daring hawk, with eagle eyes, will dash through the casement upon the pet dove hanging in a cage within a lady's boudoir; for war and plunder are his daily "occupation." The timid robin, on the contrary, with a languishing, beseeching eye, hops into the room, and gently pecks the crumbs from the breakfast table. Robin-redbreast is the most sacred of our

household birds. For pity's sake, don't implicate "N. & Q" in spreading slanderous stories, in these awful days of murder, against the innocent robin, of killing his own father.

QUEEN'S GARDENS. FOREIGN HONOURS (3rd S. v. 296.) Samuel Egerton Brydges, born at Wootton in 1762 younger brother of Edward Tymewell Brydges, whose claim to the barony of Chandos was rejected in 1803), was made knight of the Order of St. Joachim, in 1808, and was afterwards known as Sir Egerton Brydges, K. J. MELETES.

BURLESQUE PAINTERS (3rd S. v. 345.) — I can give no information where the two pictures are, which are inquired for by J. R. But with reference to the first by Coypel, I suspect that by "Sanatol" is meant Sanadon—a celebrated Jesuit and poet, who published a collection of Latin poems and a French translation of Horace. The second will be answered by the following account, which query, about holding the candle to St. Dominic, I translate from a scarce, early, and curious work in old German, Der Heyligen Leben, printed at Augspurg in 1477 : —

"One night St. Dominic was writing by candle-light what he was to preach to the people. Then came the evil spirit to him in the shape of an ape, and kept jumping before him and all about him, and tried all he could to disturb him. Now Saint Dominic well knew in his

mind that he was the evil spirit, and that he wanted to disturb him; and he spoke thus to the fiend: 'I command thee in the name of God to hold the candle till I have finished writing.' The evil spirit was obliged to

able employment - this faithful duty-it is probable that parricide occasionally happens unwit

"Und do er aussgesthreib do was des liechcz nymer. do für der boss geyst hin mit grosse zoren." F. C. H.

ROBERT ROBINSON OF CAMBRIDGE (3rd S. iv. 481, 529).-See The Universal Theological Magazine, edited by W. Vidler (vol. vi. 1802), for an interesting account of Robinson. The volume also contains one of his letters. JUXTA TURRIM.

"REVENONS À NOS MOUTONS" (3rd S. v. 346.)The phrase "Revenons a vos moutons" occurs in the comedy of L'Avocat Patelin (Act II. Scene 2), by De Brueys, first performed June 4, 1706, the subject of which was taken, he says, from Les Tromperies, Finesse, et Subtilités de Maître Pierre Patelin, avocat à Paris. Printed at Rouen by Jacques Cailloué in 1656, from a of the copy year 1560. In the Gargantua of Rabelais (i. 1), the phrase is, "Retournant à noz moutons," which, in a note by Jacob, is said to be a proverb in allusion to the fable of Patelin. This proverb and Patelin are therefore of some antiquity, Rabelais being born in 1483, and dying in 1553. Pasquier, who was fourteen years of age at the death of Rabelais, in his Recherches sur la France (book vii. chap. 55), says, "Revenez à vos moutons," and other proverbs, had been taken from the fountain of Patelin, which he conjectures was played on the scaffold. See the Preface to De Bruey's L'Avocat Patelin, in Petitot's Rép. du Théâtre François, xvi. 371. T. J. BUCKTON.

SEPIA (3rd S. v. 322.)-The statement that the sepia sheds its ink when alarmed, is not inconsistent with its retaining a considerable quantity after such discharge. The chief object of this natural provision is to obscure the water, and thus facilitate the escape of the sepia from its pursuers, which might not be effected if one discharge exhausted the supply. Aristotle (Hist. An., iv. 2) says the discharge is ὅταν φοβηθῇ “when it is afraid," and (Hist. An., ix. 37), kрúyews xápi, “for the sake of hiding itself," and (Part. An., iv. 5) πλείω γὰρ ἔχει διὰ τὸ χρῆσθαι μᾶλλον, “ has it copiously, being in constant use." Professor Owen (Lect. xxiv. "Cephalopodia," p. 355) says the inkbag "is a very active organ, and its inky secretion can be reproduced with great activity." It is situate between the liver and the muscles which surround the arms, close to which the duct enters the intestine. In the Zoological Transactions (i. 86) will be found a drawing of the ink-bag of the sepiola, which does not differ much from that of the loligo. I have seen a sepia after death, and after the first alarm at being caught, which was

smeared over with ink, of which a large quantity covered the dish. It is curious to note, that whilst some of the cephalopods obscure their track, others enlighten it by "emitting a luminous secretion" (Owen, Lect. xxiv. p. 355). Professor Owen conjectures that the ink-bag is a compensation for the protecting shell (Lect. xxiii. p. 335). The stones called thunderstones, or arrowheads, and known in geology as belemnites, are now recognised as fossil sepia, some of which are found to contain ink. See Penny Cyclopædia, iv. 172, 202; vi. 425; xxi. 250.

=

T. J. BUCKTON.

ETYMOLOGY OF THE NAME MOSES (3rd S. v. 344.) This etymology is given in an article by Ch. Scholtz in the Repertorium of Eichhorn (part xiii. p. 10) entitled "Expositio vocabulorum Copticorum in Scriptoribus Hebraicis ac Græcis obviorum' (pp. 1-31), where such words as Behemoth, Ibis, Canopus, Labyrinth, Memphis, Ammon, On, Syene, Hyksos, Ob, Papyrus, Pyramis, Phthas, ark, 78 river, &c., are explained from T. J. BUCKTON. · Egyptian roots. D'ABRICHCOURT (3rd S. v. 320.)-H. C. will find some few particulars respecting this family in the new edition of Hutchins's History of Dorset, now publishing by Messrs. Shipp of Blandford. The reader must search for the information sub "Bridport" division of the work; for there is, as yet, no Index, and the book is only appearing at intervals in sections.

In Bridport church, some ten years ago, there were the remains of an ancient altar tomb to a member of this family. It once rested altar-wise against the wall of the north aisle of the chancel; but when I saw it, about 1854, it had been let into the pavement, and was buried beneath the staircase of a gallery for the school children, erected in the chancel. The church has been recently restored, the chancel rebuilt, and the tomb destroyed; at least, I could not find it on a recent visit. The inscription is preserved in shield of arms of this family is, or was, emblazoned Hutchins; who also, I think, records that a in stained-glass on one of the chancel windows. JUXTA TURRIM.

HYMN QUERIES (3rd S. v. 345.) - The hymn, the translation of which begins thus

"My God I love Thee, not because I hope for heaven thereby,"is the celebrated hymn composed by St. Francis Xavier: "O Deus, ego amo te," etc.

It is true that, in the list which I sent lately to "N. & Q.," several Latin hymns were omitted. I gave those only of which the authors were known, or which were at least attributed to some one or more authors. There are two hymns beginning with "Jesu Redemptor omnium," but they have nothing in common but the first line. I cannot tell which is the subject of M. J. W.'s