conspiracy, and the execution of her confederates, 1587. Sir Walter Raleigh, sending a message to Sir Ferdinando Gorges, this officer had a conference with him in a boat on the Thames, and there discovered all their proceedings - the plot for which Essex lost his life, 1601. A. F. B. LANGUAGE USED IN ROMAN COURTS, ETC. (3rd S. v. 356.) With reference to the language used in the judicial courts of their provinces, it is wellknown that the Romans "inflexibly maintained in the administration of civil as well as military government" the use of the Latin tongue. The words are Gibbon's (vol. i. p. 42, Milman). This was true of all the Roman provinces, but of the east in a far less degree than of the west; and, according to Donaldson, the Jews and Greeks were the most unwilling to give up the "flowing rhythms" of their native tongue for the terse and business-like language of their conquerors. But the Romans knew too well the powerful influence of language over national manners to neglect to enforce the constant use of Latin in all the countries which they subdued, at least in all matters of law and government. Cf. Donaldson, Varr. c. xiv. §6; Cic. Orat. pro Fonteio, i. §1; Juv. Sat. i. 44 ; vii. 147-8; xv. 111. A. G. S. ZτáρTην čλAXES, K. T. λ. (3rd S. v. 260, 307.)-There certainly seems to be every reason to think that the conjectures of Wagner, and before him of Erasmus, as to this passage are correct, that it is part of a speech of Agamemnon to Menelaus. These two brothers were, as is well known, sons of Atreus; and the first had succeeded to the throne of his father at Mycenæ, by the death or expulsion of Thyestes; the second having become King of Lacedæmon, and presiding at Sparta. The legend of Telephus is that he had been wounded by Achilles; and having been told that only the man who had inflicted the wound could heal it, he went to Agamemnon, then ruling at Mycenae, to entreat his intercession with the hero for that purpose. Agamemnon seems to have received Telephus coolly, for we find the latter seized his young son Orestes, and threatened to slay him unless the father complied with his request, which, after some delay, was done, and Achilles healed the wound with some of the rust from the spear which had caused the injury. We know from Aristophanes (who quizzes the play of Euripides in every possible fashion), and also from Horace, that Telephus is represented as seeking this assistance in the state of the deepest poverty, and as an exile. Agamemnon was at Mycena. What could be more probable than that the scene was laid at the entrance of the citadel of that city, the famous gate of lions, which still exists to the present day, and before which was laid the scene of the Agamemnon of Eschy lus, and of the Electra of Sophocles? What could be more probable than that the two brothers might have been introduced conversing together there, and what could be more fitting than for the elder, Agamemnon, to say to the younger, "Sparta has fallen to your lot, rule orderly over it, as we for our own part do Mycena"? The use of both in the Iliad and Odyssey, calls the brother the word kooμe seems to point to Homer, who, Atridæ δύω κοσμήτορε λαῶν. the word xaxes, which signifies in its primitive Some curious matter might turn on the use of sense, to obtain by lot. I cannot lay my hand Lacedæmon, and the succession of Menelaus; but on any account of the failure of the dynasty of the passage in question would lead us to suppose that the latter was the result of the suffrages of the people. Poets' Corner. A. A. THE BALLOT: "THREE BLUE BEANS," ETC. (3rd S. v. 297, 385.) - The expression is of long standing: it occurs in Tom Brown's version of the "Timon," in Dryden's Lucian (1711), and is quoted by Tytler as an example of licentious translation: 66 Gnathonides. Τί τοῦτο; παίεις, ὦ Τίμων ; μαρτύρομαι ὦ Ἡράκλεις, ἰοὺ, ἰοὺ, προκαλοῦμαι σε τραύματος εἰς ̓́Αρειον πάγον. “ Timon. Καὶ μὴν ἄν γε μικρὸν ἐπιβραδύνῃς, φόνου τάκα "POкekλýσŋ μe.—Timon, c. xlvi. ed. Bipont. i. 114. "Gnathonides. Confound him! What a blow he has given me! What's this for, old Touchwood? Bear witness, Hercules, that he has struck me. I warrant you I shall make you repent of this blow. I'll indite you on an action on the case, and bring you coram nobis for an assault and battery. "Timon. Do, thou confounded law pimp, do; but if thou stay'st one minute longer, I'll beat thee to pap, and make thy bones rattle in thee like three blue beans in a blue bag. Go, stinkard, or else I shall make you alter your action, and get me indicted for manslaughter." P. 212. Tytler, Essay on the Principles of Translation, 8vo, London, 1797. "As there be three blew beans in a blew bladder, There be three Universities, The last word, I suppose, refers to King James's EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. College at Chelsea. JOHN BRAHAM THE VOCALIST (3rd S. v. 318.)— Braham's first appearance on the stage was at Covent Garden Theatre, April 21, 1787, for the benefit of Mr. Leoni, an Italian singer of celebrity, who had instructed the young vocalist. The play was the Duenna, and, according to the advertisement, "At the end of Act 1, The Soldier tired of War's Alarins,' by Master Braham, being his first appearance on any stage." And again, after the first act of the farce, he sang the favourite song of "Ma chère Amie." At the opening of the Royalty Theatre, Wellclose Square, on June 20 in the same year, "Between the acts of the play, 'The Soldier tired of War's Alarms' was sung with great success by a little boy, Master Abram, the pupil of Leoni," according to The Chronicle; and another paper said, "Yesterday evening we were surprised by a Master Abraham, a young pupil of Mr. Leoni. He promises fair to attain perfection, possessing every requisite necessary to form a capital singer." I quote from some collections formed by the late Mr. Fillinham. I have not seen the newspapers themselves, but have no reason to doubt the correctness of the information. Mr. Peter Cunningham then may be right in his assertion concerning the bill in which Braham is called "Master Abrahams;" but is he right in placing his notice of the event under Goodman's Fields Theatre? The theatre in which Garrick made his first appearance was in Ayliffe Street; and John Palmer's theatre, called the Royalty Theatre, was erected in Well Street, in the same locality, but on an entirely different site. EDWARD F. RIMBAULT. ANGLO-SAXON AND OTHER MEDIEVAL SEALS (2nd S. xii. 9, 94.)-Another proof that the AngloSaxons used seals as well as the Normans, may be found at the end of the rhyming charter, the grant of sanctuary, &c., at Ripon, by Athelstan to St. Wilfrid. The king says,— "And my seale have I sett yerto, For I will at na man it undo." See Dugdale, Monast., vol. ii. p. 133. A short time back, while examining some of the parchment writs, &c., discovered in the old treasury at Westminster Abbey, we found several small round flattish ladles, about as big as a twoshilling piece. They seem to have been used for melting the wax for affixing seals to the various documents. In this case, while it was soft the strip of parchment or other ligature by which they were attached could have been conveniently dipped into the wax, and when cooled enough the seal would be easily impressed, as we see them. Have such utensils been seen elsewhere? While on this subject permit me also to note a curious passage from a charter quoted in Selden's Titles of Honour, part 11. chap. iii. It is from the Lord of Dol, in Brittany, to the Abbey of Vieuville, and about the year 1170; he says, "And because I was not as yet a knight, and had not a seal of my own (quia Miles non eram et proprium Si gillum non habebam) we have sealed this charter by the authority of the seal of Sir John our father." Selden also quotes from Du Tillet an old decision of 1376 (more than two hundred years later), where it is said, "an esquire when he receives the order of knighthood is to change his seal" (sigillum mutare). From this it would seem, in earliest times, none below the dignity of a knight were entitled to use seals at all. A. A. Poets' Corner. A BULL OF BURKE'S (3rd S. v. 212, 267, 366.)— As the original querist in this matter, I must confess that my difficulty is not removed by MR. DE MORGAN's suggestion, that Burke's word may have been component instead of integral. There is still the extremely paradoxical character of a proposition, which states that A. and B. are the same thing, being different parts-whether integral or component. If we suppose that Burke meant to say-"The Church and the State are one and the same thing, though they are also different integral parts of the same whole"-the expression is still an awkward one; but the intention is evident, as LORD LYTTELTON understands it: "Church and State are the same while looked at in two different aspects." In any case, I cannot see the inconsequence which LORD LYTTELTON attributes to the sentence which follows: "For the Church has been always," &c. These words refer to that part of the preceding sentence which affirms the identity of the Church and the State: for (adds Burke) the Church comprehends the clergy and laity, as the State does also. Carlton Club. C. G. PROWett. SIR JOHN JACOB of Bromley (3rd S. v. 213.)— Sir John was the son of Abraham Jacob (of Bromley, Middlesex, and of Gamlingay), and of Mary, daughter of Francis Rogers of Dartford, Kent. Abraham died May 6, 1629; and his monument is, or was, at Bromley, near Bow. John was one of seven sons, and six daughters. Charles I. knighted him in 1633. He was a farmer of the customs; suffered in the king's cause, and was made baronet in 1665. He built a house at Bromley; had three wives-1, Elizabeth Halliday, or Holliday, by whom he had two sons and one daughter; 2. Alice, daughter of Thos. Clowes, by whom he had three sons and three daughters; 3. Elizabeth, daughter of Sir John Ashburnham, Knt., by whom he had one daughter. He was Commissioner and Farmer of Customs again in Charles II.'s reign; and died 1665-6. His eldest son, Sir John, succeeded him; married Catherine, daughter of William, Lord Allington; and died 1675, and was buried in the Savoy Church, Strand. His son Sir John served in the army, and died 1740. His son Hildebrand succeeded to the title. Arms. Argent, a chevron, gules, between three tigers' heads erased, proper. Crest. On a wreath a tiger passant, proper, marred and turned. Motto. "Parta tueri." B. H. C. CHAPERONE (3rd S. v. 280.) — The word chaperoness is used in Webster's Devil's Law Case, Act I. Sc. 2. Romelio is charging the lady's companion to be very vigilant over her mistress, and says: 66 but, my precious chaperoness, I trust thee the better for that; for I have heard From its allusion (Act IV. Sc. 2) to the massacre Poets' Corner. UPPER AND LOWER EMPIRE (3rd S. v. 379.) The term Upper Empire is not, I believe, in use. The term Lower Empire is used by Gibbon (ch. lxviii. p. 250, note) for the remains of the Roman Empire at Constantinople, and was adopted by him from the French, Bas Empire. In 364 the Roman Empire was divided into East and West, Constantinople and Rome being the respective chief cities, and in 476 the Empire of Rome terminated, whilst the Empire at Constantinople continued till 1453. The expression "Lower Roman Empire of the West," means "the Lower Empire," or "the Greek Empire of the East." It is called "l'Empire Grec Oriental" by Koch (iii. 19). I think the term bas, as applied to this Empire, refers to its inferiority in historical importance as compared with the ancient Roman grandeur. It is probable that Du Cange (= Du Fresne) may have first used this term in his Byzantine Histories, for in the titles to his Greek and Roman Glossaries he uses the words "mediæ et infimæ Græcitatis et Latinitatis," where infima conveys the sense of bas. T. J. BUCKTON. A PASSION FOR WITNESSING EXECUTIONS (3rd S. v. 33). It may be worth a short note to corroborate so singular a morbid tendency as that furnished through your correspondent, ROBERT KEMPT. In Walsoken, adjoining Wisbech, an aged man, apparently of the middle class, was pointed out to me about fourteen years ago; and it was stated that, for a considerable portion of his life, there had not been a public execution within a hundred miles (including London) without his travelling expressly to witness it. In early life he had been in business; but had long retired, and was possessed of considerable cottage property. W. LEE. FOLK LORE IN THE SOUTH-EAST OF IRELAND (3rd S. v. 353.)- Every one of the customs and superstitions mentioned by MR. REDMOND, under the above title, were commonly practised and fully believed in by all classes in Cornwall some thirty or forty years ago; and are still, I doubt not, by the lower classes in the more remote districts. This is not a little singular, and would seem to be derived from the common descent of the people from the same Celtic stock. Hammersmith. JOHN MACLEAN. MRS. MARY DEVERELL (3rd S. v. 379.) - There are former notices of Mrs. Mary Deverell of Nailsworth, Gloucestershire, in "Ñ. & Q." 1* S. xii. 312; and 2nd S. i. 16, 130. Her Sermons were published, 1777. In the title-page "Gloucesterdedicated to the Princess Royal, March 19, 1776, shire" is printed in italics, as if to distinguish her from some other person. Her abilities seem to have been much overrated, if the remarks current about her when I was a boy, were correct. P. H. F. COLIBERTI (3rd S. v. 300, 384.)-In Potgiesser's valuable work, De Statu Servorum, reference is made to the "Coliberti." I quote the following passage and note from lib. iv. c. 14, p. 781: — nomine signari.* Neque tamen idcirco necessum videtur, "Denique notes velim, libertos aliquando collibertorum protinus novam speciem effingere, cum revera nullum discrimen inter utrosque adsit, sed genus sint inter servos et ingenuos fluctuans. Notissimum enim est, tametsi res quæpiam diversas appellationes sortiatur, non tamen novas ideo ejus constitui species." W. B. MAC Cabe. *The note attached to the word signari is important, on account of the variety of authorities cited: Apud MEICHELBECK, tom. i. p. 11, Hist. Frising., num. MCCXL, traditur prædium, quod Sigawold libertus possidet. Colliberti vero dicuntur, penes BALUZIUM, Histor. Tutel. adpend. art. col. 445, ubi anno MC. donantur mansi cum servis et ancillis et collibertis. Idem fit tom. iv. Galliæ Christ. SAMMARTHANORUM. Eorumque fit mentio in appendice ad Origin. Palat. FREHERI, p. 29. Observante viro eruditissimo ESTORE Comm. de Minist. § 209." CHESS (3rd S. v. 377.)-The game described by Martial, lib. xiv. ep. 20, is also referred to by the same author, lib. vii. ep. 71: and the Delphin commentator has supplied a reply to the query of your correspondent, by quoting the authority of Calcagnini, who wrote a treatise, De Talorum, Tesserarum, et Calculorum Ludis, and positively decided that the game mentioned in Martial is not chess. Abundant information upon this subject will be found in Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, in verb. "Latrunculi," p. 670 (2nd edit.); and Alexandri ab Alexandro, lib. iii. c. 21, vol. i. pp. 788, 789 (Leyden, 1673.) W. B. MAC CABE. Dinan, Cotes du Nord, France. FOSTER ARMS (3rd S. i. 289.) The following answer to MR. HUTCHINSON's inquiry may be sufficient. In 1711, Thomas and Edward Hutchinson gave to the Second Church in Boston two silver dishes, on which the Hutchinson arms are engraved. A third dish, uniform with them, and given no doubt at the same time, bears the following coat a chevron between three bugle-horns. As both brothers married daughters of Col. John Foster, it can hardly be doubted that this was the Foster coat of arms, and that the plates were in herited from him. There were two other families here of the name, who used arms; viz. that of Hopestill Foster of Dorchester, who bore a chevron between three bugle-horns, on a chief, as many leopards' faces; and that of Richard Foster of Charlestown, who bore a chevron between three bugle-horns: crest, an arm embowed, holding a broken spear. W. H. WHITMORE. innumerable extracts from parish registers of Car- PARADIN'S "DEVISES HEROIQUES" (3rd S. v. letter on "Shakspeare and Mary Queen of Scots, 339.) In a note to MR. PINKERTON's interesting it is stated that the first edition of Paradin's Devises Heroiques et Emblèmes was published at Paris, 1557. I much wonder where that information SUTTON FAMILY (3rd S. i. 131.)—Absence from England has prevented my noticing earlier the memoranda in "N. & Q." on this head. It appears to me doubtful whether the Suttons are of Norman origin at all, and still more doubtful whether the families now existing are descended from one stock. There are several places in England named Sutton: one in particular in the parish of Prestbury, in the county of Chester, where a family of Suttons were located at a very early period. There still remains a fine old black and white mansion called Sutton Hall, about two miles to the south of Macclesfield, shorn of half its original dimensions, with a double moat, and some fine old timber still standing. I do not now remember the date of the house, but it is of very great antiquity; many hundred years old, much older even than Moreton Hall in the same county. It appears to have been built before glass came into common use, as the windows of the chapel behind the house are of talc, instead of glass. The walls "THE DUBLIN UNIVERSITY REVIEW" (3rd S. v. are of vast thickness; so much so, that when a 343.) Your correspondent is, I think, slightly door of communication was cut through, between in error, inasmuch as a friend, who has given a large share of his attention to Irish periodical sage of some length had to be opened through the two adjoining rooms on the ground-floor, a pasliterature, with a view to publication, informs me solid wall. The ancient stone staircase still rein a letter relative to the Dublin University Re- mains in the open courtyard, by which access was view, "that four numbers were all that appeared formerly gained to the open corridor on to which of this best of Irish periodicals of its class; the the upper rooms all open. The hall was in good first having made its appearance in January, and repair a few years ago; and is, I believe, the prothe last in October, 1833." If wrong, we (for Iperty of the Binghams, Earls of Lucan, by decan answer for him as well as for myself) shall be glad to be corrected. --- ABHBA. GREATOREX OR GREATRAKES FAMILY (3rd S. v. 399.) If your correspondent, MR. JAMES FINLAYSON, will refer to the Reliquary Quarterly Archeological Journal, vol. iv., he will find at pp. 81 to 96, and 220 to 236, an elaborate genealogical and historical article on this family, from the pen of the Rev. Samuel Hayman, the historian of Youghal. This history of the Greatrakes family contains all the information on the various branches which at present it has been possible to obtain, and includes notices of "the Stroker," and other eminent members of the family, with scent from the Belasyse family, Earls and Viscounts Fauconberg-of whom several interesting monuments remain in the old church of St. Michael, at Macclesfield. The arms of this family of Sutton, from a copy in my possession, are:-Quarterly 1st and 4th, argent, a chevron sa. between three bugles or, strung sa. 2nd and 3rd, argent, a chevron sa. between three cross crosslets or. Crest. Issuing out of a ducal coronet or, a demilion rampant, queue furchèe, vert. The first ancestor of this family in the pedigree I have, is "Onyt," whose son "Adam" was grantee of Sutton aforesaid from Hugh Cyveliok, Earl of Chester, ante 1181; and took the addition of "De THE SUN DANCING ON EASTER SUNDAY MORNING (3rd S. v. 394.) — This is not only a folk lore tradition in the south-east of Ireland, but amongst a certain (and not unintelligent) class, amounts almost to an article of faith, if it can be so called. If the morning of Easter Day happens to be fine, clear, and sunny, all classes of young and old are up before Sol peeps from the east, in order to see him dance in the glorious morning of our redemp tion. Liverpool. S. REDMOND. "MEDITATIONS ON LIFE AND DEATH" (3rd S. v. 400.)-These Meditations, professing to be translate from the German, were published in their original language many years ago by the author, Heinrich Zschokke (the Walter Scott of Switzerland, as he was frequently called, from his making Swiss subjects so much the theme of his pen), but at first anonymously. They are contained in the Stunden der Andacht,-a work, as its title imports, of a devotional character, and written in a very popular and pleasing style. The work has gone through many editions in the original. In the last edition of the author's Works, in 36 vols. 12mo, Aarau, 1859, the Stunden form vols. xx. to xxix. inclusive. Zschokke was a native of Magdeburg, born in 1771, and died in 1848. His other works consist chiefly of tales, founded on Swiss legends; and of histories of Switzerland and Bavaria, &c. During the greater part of his life he resided in Switzerland. A selection from the Stunden was published by the late Mr. J. D. Haas, in 1843, under the title of Hours of Devotion; and the present Meditations were translated and published by the command of Her Majesty the Queen, as a tribute of respect and affection to the memory of the Prince Consort, by whom the Stunden were much perused and highly valued. J. MACRAY. THE CHRISTIAN Name, Murtha (3rd S. v. 356.) The name Murtha is, no doubt, a corruption of Muredach. St. Muredach was a disciple of St. Patrick, and by him consecrated the first Bishop of Killala. The name would easily and naturally become softened down to Murtha, or as it is sometimes spelt Murtagh. In Scotland it became Murdoch. F. C. H. EPISCOPAL SEAL (3rd S. v. 357.)—The inscription-" S. Thome. dei. gracia. episcopi. manuencis"-is, I have no doubt, that of a Bishop of St. David's. The last word is, or is intended to be, menevensis, the Latin name of the see being Menevia. * Aarau, 1809-16, 8 vols. F. C. H. ROBERT BUTTERFIELD'S "MASCHIL" (3rd S. iii. 166, 220.)-I have a copy of this very rare book, of which only two other appear to be known: one in Trinity College, Dublin, and one, without title, in the Bodleian Library. Some years since, I searched in vain the British Museum, and all accessible The bibliographical works for any clue to it. title is discoloured, and the book has been pierced by a worm, but the holes have been neatly filled. I bought it for a penny at a bookseller's stall. W. LEE. "THE POSTBOY ROBB'D OF HIS MAIL (3rd S. iii. 307, 398.)-H. S. G. does not answer T. The edition in T.'s possession, dated 1706, is the one that Dunton, in 1705, in his Life and Errors, said would "in a few months be reprinted, and severely corrected." The edition of 1706 is, however, so free, that either the "severe correction' did not produce much improvement, or else the former edition must have been very naughty. The Postman robbed of his Mail, 1719, is, I think, a later edition of the same work. W. LEE. ANGELIC VISION OF THE DYING (3rd S. iv. 351.) MR. MAUDE'S query has recalled vividly to my memory a very remarkable instance of such an Occurrence. A few years since, I was present at the death-bed of a dear relative; and, at the time of the circumstances which I am about to relate taking place, there were in the room with the dying girl, besides myself, her three sisters (one a widow, both of the others married-one being my wife), and the nurse. It was early on a summer's morning; no sun was visible, the sky entirely concealed by a mass of dull grey clouds. The bedroom window, which fronted the south-west, thrown wide open, and the curtains drawn back to admit air to the patient sufferer, who was nearly suffocated from dropsy. We stood at either side of her bed, looking on, expecting, indeed hoping for her speedy release. She lay, or rather sat up, supported by pillows; her head thrown back, gasping for breath, and shone with so brilliant a radiance, of a bright evidently sinking rapidly. Suddenly her face window to see whether it was reflected from the golden colour, that I involuntarily turned to the sky. There was nothing of the kind. I looked at her again. Her eyes, enlarged far beyond their natural size, became extraordinarily bright, and her countenance remained illumined for about |