ship was frequently called Lower Dublin to distinguish it from another Dublin township, formerly in Philadelphia county, but now in Montgomery county, and there called Upper Dublin. This township was one of the first created in Philadelphia county, but the date is not known. Frankford, situate on Tacony-since called Frankford-Creek, in the lower part of the township of Oxford. It must have been founded at a very early date-almost as soon as the village of Germantown. Its name is mentioned in a discussion before the provincial council in 1687, between Thomas Fairman and Robert Jeffs, concerning a piece of property. The name of the village was undoubtedly derived from the title of the Franckfort Company, which took up ground there. This village was incorporated into a borough by act of March 2, 1800. By act of April 4, 1831, the boundaries of the borough were extended.

German township, afterward called Germantown township, was laid out by virtue of three warrants: eighth month, Oct. 12, 1683, for 6000 acres, to Francis Daniel Pastorius, for the German and Dutch purchasers; twelfth month, Feb. 13, 1683-84, to Francis Daniel Pastorias for 200 acres; second month, April 25, 1684, to Jurian Hartsfelder, for 150 acres. The first purchasers of Frankford in Germany were Jacobus van der Walle, Johan Jacob Schutz, Johan Wilhelm Uberfeld, Daniel Behagel, George Strauss, Jan Leureiss, Abram Hasevoet. Among them were divided 2675 acres. The same quantity was divided among the first purchasers of Crefelt in Germany, namely: Jacob Telner, Jan Strepers, Dirk Sipman, Ganert Reniks, Lenard Artes, Jacob Isaacs. The township was divided into settlements, called Germantown, Cresheim, Sommerhausen and Crefelt. These Germans were from the palatinates of Cresheim and Crefelt, many of them having become Friends through the preaching of William Penn in Germany. The greatest length of the German township was 5/2 miles; the greatest breadth, 2 miles; area, 7040 acres. This township was bounded on the northwest and north-east by Springfield township, Montgomery county; on the north-east and east partly by Bristol township; on the south-east by Penn township and Roxborough. Within the German township were the settlements known as Germantown, Cresheim (afterward Mount Airy), Sommerhausen (called at a later period Chestnut Hill) and Crefelt, a rural section north of Chestnut Hill.

Germantown, a settlement in the German township, which was commenced by Pastorius, Oct. 21, 1685. On Aug. 12, 1689, William Penn at London signed a charter constituting some of the inhabitants a corporation by the name of "the bailiff, burgesses and commonalty of German towne, in the county of Philadelphia, in the province of Pennsylvania." Francis Daniel Pastorius was the first bailiff, Jacob Telner, Dirck Isaacs Opdegraaf, Herman Isaacs Opdegraaf and Tennis Coender were burgesses, beSides six committee-men. They had authority to hold" the general court of the corporation of Germantown," to make laws for the government of the settlement, and to hold a court of record. This court went into operation in 1690, and continued its sessions for sixteen years. The seal of the court bore the impression of a trefoil, with the motto, "Vinum, linum et textrinum

(wine, flax and cloth). Sometimes, to distinguish Germantown from the upper portion of German township, outside of the borough, the township portion was called Upper Germantown.

Kensington, that part of the township of the Northern Liberties which lay between Cohocksink Creek and Gunner's Run, in the neighborhood of the road to Frankford, and between that road and the Delaware River. It was originally known as Shakamaxon, an Indian village which is called on Lindstrom's map Kackamensi, and in old deeds Sachamexin. It was a tract of land lying on the river Delaware above Hartsfield, subsequently a part of Northern Liberties. Shakamaxon was known as a town before Nov. 12, 1678, when Lawrence Cock made a grant of 300 acres there. In the deed it is stated that the whole tract of land surveyed at Shakamaxon was 1800 acres, of which Lawrence Cock, Moens Cock, Gunner Rambo and Michael Neilson were owners. Henry says that Shakamaxon means "a place of eels." It began to grow into a settlement soon after the village of the Northern Liberties felt an increase of population. Kensington was a straggling, scattered region of streets running parallel with the Delaware from south-west to north-east, and crossed by others from south-east to north-west. It was inhabited principally by fishermen and ship-carpenOn March 6, 1820, the Legislature created a new corporation, called the "commissioners and inhabitants of the Kensington district of the Northern Liberties." Their jurisdiction extended over the ground which commenced at the mouth of Cohocksink Creek and the Northern Liberties line, along the river Delaware to the south line of Gibson's land, and thence along that line to Gunner's Creek, and across to the south line of the land of the Norris estate; then along the same, crossing Frankford road, to the Germantown road, down the eastwardly side of the latter to the middle of Sixth st., and then along said street to the line of the Northern Liberties, which touched Sixth st. at Cohocksink Creek, and then along that creek to the place of beginning. The name is derived from Kensington, town and parish of Middlesex, England, and a western suburb of the city of

ters.

London.

Kingsessing, a township in the extreme southwestern portion of the city, bounded on the north by Blockley; on the east by Mill Creek and Schuylkill River; on the south by Delaware River and Bow Creek; and on the west by Darby Creek and Cobb's Creek; shaped irregularly. It embraced the site of the old village of Kingsessing, but no settlement of any size except Maylandville. It was traversed principally by the Darby road and the road to the Lazaretto. Its greatest length, 5 miles; greatest breadth, 21⁄2 miles; area, 6800 acres. This was the oldest settled portion of the county of Philadelphia.

Kingsessing, or Chinsessing, was the name of a place lying on the west side of the Schuylkill River, below the western abutment of Penrose Ferry bridge, and not far distant therefrom. Acrelius says Chinsessing was "a place on the Schuylkill where five families of freemen dwelt together in houses two stories high, built of white nut tree (hickory), which was at that time regarded as the best material for building houses, but in later times was altogether disapproved of for such purposes." Kingsessing became the

name of the township in which the original Indian and Swedish village stood. The Kingsessing settlement was called a town by the Swedes, and was the first village entitled to that appellation made by white men within the territory of Philadelphia. The situation was probably near the present enclosure known as Suffolk Park. The township of Kingsessing was created at a very early date after the settlement by William Penn. According to Mr. Henry, this name is derived from the Indian Chingsessing, "a place where there is a meadow," or Chin-sessing, "bog meadow."

Manayunk, an Indian name which means, according to Henry, "our place of drinking," and has been applied to the Schuylkill River, was a borough situate near the Schuylkill, north of the Wissahickon. The original name was Flat Rock, from a peculiar flat rock lying on the lower side of the bridge, which was subsequently called Flat Rock Bridge. The settlement had its origin from the construction of the dam, canal and locks there by the Schuylkill Navigation Company. These works were finished about the end of the year 1818, and, the water-power being extensive, the Navigation Company sought for lessees of the power for use in mills and factories. Capt. John Towers was the first lessee of the water-power, one hundred inches, April 10, 1819, and he built a mill at Flat Rock. About the same time Silas Levering built the first hotel in the place. In 1820, Charles V. Hagner was the second person who bought a waterright and erected an oil-mill. After that purchases of water-power and the erection of mills and factories increased greatly, and the place became famous as a manufacturing village. After a time the inhabitants became dissatisfied with the name Flat Rock, and held meetings on the subject. On such an occasion, some time in May or June, 1824, it was resolved to adopt for the place one of the names of the river Schuylkill, and from that time the village was known as Manayunk. The borough of Manayunk was incorporated June 11, 1840.

Moreland, a manor of 9815 acres, on a branch of Poquessing Creek, granted by William Penn, by warrant of eleventh month, fifth day, 1682-83, and patent of August, 1684, to Nicholas More. It was in the most northern portion of the county of Philadelphia, in the neighborhood of the Delaware, and lay to the west of Byberry township. It extended over into Bucks county, and was divided into two townships, one in each county, and each called Moreland. The size of Moreland township in Philadelphia county was 5 miles, its greatest length; 2 miles its greatest width; area, 3720 acres. The principal village was Smithfield or Pleasantville, afterward called Somerton, which was partly in Moreland and partly in Byberry.

Moyamensing, originally a tract of ground on the fast land of the Neck, lying between Passyunk and Wicaco. It was granted by the Dutch governor Alexander d'Hinoyossa, on fourth month, third day, 1664, to Martin Clensmith, William Stillé and Lawrence Andries. The title was confirmed in 1684 by William Penn to Lassey Andrews, William Stillé, Andrew Bankson and John Matson. Moyamensing township included this ground and Wicaco, except such parts of the latter as were included in Southwark. It extended from about Schuyl

kill Sixth (Seventeenth st.) and South st. over to the Passyunk road, and down the same to the Buck road, and over to the Delaware below the built parts of Southwark. In 1816 the greatest length of Moyamensing was estimated to be 3 miles; the greatest breadth, 2 miles; area, 2560 acres. By act of March 24, 1812, the inhabitants of Moyamensing were incorporated by the style of "the commissioners and inhabitants of the township of Moyamensing." By act of April 4, 1831, the township was divided into Fast and West Moyamensing. The name Moyamensing is said by Acrelius to signify an unclean place" or " dung-heap," which was adopted from the fact that at one time great flocks of pigeons had their roost in the forest and made the place unclean for the Indians, from which circumstance it received its name. The township was one of the earliest created after the settlement of Pennsylvania.

Northern Liberties township. The Liberties was a term or name applied by William Penn to a certain tract of land lying north and west of the city. It contained what was called "the liberty land or free lots," because the proprietaries gave to the first purchasers of ground in the colony, according to the extent of their purchase, a portion of the land within those limits free of price. The original idea of Penn was to lay out a great town of 10,000 acres; but when the commissioners came to survey this space of ground it was found somewhat difficult, and when Penn arrived in 1682 he determined to divide the great town into two parts, one to be called the city and the other the Liberties. The city contained about 1820 acres. The Liberties extended north of Vine st. to the mouth of Cohoquinoque Creek or Pegg's Run, and up the same so as to go round the lands of Jurian Hartsfelder, which had already been granted away before Penn came to the colony. There were also Swedish, Dutch and English grants of land made before Penn came to be the proprietary that had to be respected, so that the liberty lands were very irregular in their boundaries, and ran by various courses along the Cohocksink, Wissanoming, Tacony, Wingohocking and other streams, and Germantown and Bristol townships, to the Schuylkill, and over the same and out to Cobb's Creek, and down the same and along the west side of the Schuylkill to a point opposite Vine st. at the north city line, and along the same to the place of beginning. This survey was made in 1682, and the Liberties contained, on the east side of the Schuylkill, 9161 acres 3 q. 3 p.; west side, 7074 acres 2 q. 17 p; total, 16,236 acres 1 q. 20 p. These liberty lands on the east side of the Schuylkill became a township nearly from the time of survey, and were called the Northern Liberties, while the western Liberties, beyond the Schuylkill, became a portion of the township of Blockley. The territory between the Delaware and Schuylkill was subsequently divided; the western part was called Penn township, and the eastern part was sometimes called the Unincorporated Northern Liberties. Whenever so spoken of, the reference was to that portion of the township which had not been taken up by the formation of districts, and by the time of consolidation the area of the township was very small, the districts of Northern Liberties, Spring Garden, Kensington, Penn, Richmond, and the township of Penn and the boroughs of Aramingo and Brides

burg, having been carved out of it. In 1854 the township or Unincorporated Northern Liberties was the space of land north of Kensington, west of Richmond and Aramingo, and a portion of Frankford, south of a portion of Oxford and Bristol townships, and east of Penn township. A part of it was west of the Frankford road, and all of it was east of the Germantown road. Northern Liberties district, a portion of the township of the Northern Liberties, was first the object of particular care by act of Assembly of March 9, 1771, which provided for the appointment of persons to regulate streets, direction of buildings, etc. By act of March 30, 1791, the inhabitants of that portion of the Northern Liberties between Vine st. and Pegg's Run and the middle of Fourth st. and the Delaware River were empowered to elect three commissioners to lay taxes for the purpose of lighting, watching and establishing pumps within those bounds. On March 28, 1803, the legislature passed an act to incorporate that part of the township of the Northern Liberties lying between the west side of Sixth st. and the river Delaware and between Vine st. and Cohocksink Creek. In 1819 the boundary was changed to the middle of Sixth st., and the northern boundary was fixed at the middle of Cohocksink Creek. By the same act the corporation was created by the name, style and title of "the Commissioners and Inhabitants of the incorporated district of the Northern Liberties." Under the Consolidation law this district ceased to exist in 1854, and became a part of Philadelphia. The Northern Liberties was principally composed of a tract of land originally called Hartsfield. This was a title given in a patent and some maps to the ground granted March 25, 1676, to Jurian Hartsfelder. It included all the ground bounded by the Delaware between Coakquenauque (Pegg's Run) and the Cohocksink creeks, and extended westward about as far as the line of Ridge road. In the tract was nearly the whole of the ground afterward the Northern Liberties, and a portion of Spring Garden and Penn districts. Hartsfelder sold a portion of this property in 1679-80 to Hannah Safter, and another portion to Daniel Pegg in 1683-89, he having previously bought Hannah Salter's interest. William Penn patented the whole Hartsfield tract to Daniel Pegg in 1689.

Oxford, a township running from the county line in a south-east direction to the Delaware River, and along the same south-west to Frankford Creek, and up the same north-westwardly to Tacony Creek, which it followed until it reached the county-line near where the north-western boundary joined it. Frankford, White Hall, Fox Chase, Cedar Grove and Volunteer Town were in this township, and it also took in the former township of Tacony. Greatest length, 3 miles ; greatest breadth, four miles; area, 7635 acres. It was one of the earliest townships established. The name is supposed to have been derived from the city of Oxford in England. The township was surrounded by the waters of the Delaware and Frankford Creek on two sides, and was traversed by the Little Tacony and Sissamocksink (Wissanoming) or Little Wahank creeks.

Passyunk, spelled in old deeds, maps and records Perslajongh, Passayunk, Passyouck, Passajon, Passajungh, Passuming, on Lindstrom's map Paisajungh, the name of an Indian village,

afterward of a tract of land computed at

1000 acres, was originally given by Queen Christina, August 20, 1653, to Lieut. Swen Schute, and to his wife and to his heirs, in consideration of good and important services rendered to the king of Sweden by the said gallant lieutenant. On Jan. 1, 1667-68, Gov. Richard Nichols of New York granted Passyunk to Robert Ashman, John Ashman, Thomas Jacob, Dunkin Williams, Francis Walker, Thomas Hewelin, Frederick Anderson, Joshua Jacob and Thomas Jacob, at a quit-rent of ten bushels of wheat per year. Passyunk was the first tract of land above the marsh-land in the Neck, which latter has since become fast land. It fronted on the Schuylkill River from about Point Breeze up to a little stream called Pinney's Creek, or Piney Creek, which Mr. Henry says means, in the Delaware language, "a place to sleep." From about the head of Pinney's Creek the boundary of Passyunk tract extended in a straight line toward the south-east, to a point which formed the boundary of Moyamensing, thence south by west to the limit of the fast land, and over in irregular shape to the Schuylkill. The north-eastern boundary was about on the parallel of Twelfth st. Passyunk occupied something more than a full quarter of the fast land south of the city. It be came a township at a very early period. The limit of the township was extended from the South st. city line along the Schuylkill and the Delaware and Back Channel to a point beyond the eastern end of League Island, whence it ran north by west and struck the city line at South st. between Schuylkill Fifth (Eighteenth) and Sixth (Seventeenth) sts. The township was estimated to be in its greatest length 334 miles; greatest breadth, 3 miles; area, 5110 acres. Passyunk, according to Henry, means "a level place," a place below the hills." There were no villages in this township, but it was at one time a favorite place for country-seats. It was traversed by the Federal road, afterward called Federal st., from the Delaware to Gray's Ferry, by a portion of Moyamensing road across to Greenwich Island, Passyunk road, Long lane and the Irish Tract lane.

Penn district, that portion of the township of Penn which lay north of the north boundaryline of Spring Garden, between Delaware Sixth st. and the river Schuylkill, and between a line parallel with Hickory lane (now Fairmount av.), west of Sixth st. as far as Broad st., and then due west to the Schuylkill, and along the same to a line parallel with, and at a distance of one hundred feet north of, Susquehanna av., and thence to the middle of Sixth st. It was created a district by act of Feb. 26, 1844, as "the Commissioners and Inhabitants of the district of Penn."

Penn township was formed from the western portion of the township of the Northern Liberties by order of the Court of Quarter Sessions in the year 1857. It was north of Vine st., bounded on the east by Sixth st. to the intersection of the road to Germantown; thence by the same north by west to the foot of Logan's Hill; south-west to the Township-line road; along the same to a point a short distance above Manheim lane; then over in a south-west direction to the Schuylkill, and down the same to Vine st. Its greatest length was 4 miles; its greatest width, 3 miles; area, 7680 acres. districts of Spring Garden and Penn were created

The