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REPORT
OF THE
FORTY-SIXTH MEETING
BRITISH ASSOCIATION
FOR THE
ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE;
HELD AT
GLASGOW IN SEPTEMBER 1876.
LONDON:
JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.
1877.
[Office of the Association: 22 ALBEMARLE STREET, LONDON, W.]
PRINTED BY
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT FLEET STREET.
CONTENTS.
OBJECTS and Rules of the Association
Places of Meeting and Officers from commencement
Presidents and Secretaries of the Sections of the Association from
commencement
Page
xvii
xxiv
XXX
Recommendations of the General Committee for Additional Reports
and Researches in Science....
li
Synopsis of Money Grants.
lvii
Place of Meeting in 1878....
lviii
General Statement of Sums paid on account of Grants for Scientific
Purposes...
lix
Arrangement of the General Meetings
lxvii
Address by the President, Professor Thomas Andrews, M.D., LL.D.,
F.R.S., Hon. F.R.S.E., &c.
lxviii
REPORTS OF RESEARCHES IN SCIENCE,
Twelfth Report of the Committee for Exploring Kent's Cavern, Devon-
shire, the Committee consisting of JOHN EVANS, F.R.S., Sir JOHN
LUBBOCK, Bart., F.R.S., EDWARD VIVIAN, M.A., GEORGE BUSK, F.R.S.,
WILLIAM BOYD DAWKINS, F.R.S., WILLIAM AYSHFORD SANFORD, F.G..S,
JOHN EDWARD LEE, F.G.S., and WILLIAM PENGELLY, F.R.S. (Reporter)
1
Report of the Committee, consisting of Prof. SYLVESTER, Prof. CAYLEY,
Prof. HIRST, Rev. Prof. BARTHOLOMEW PRICE, Prof. H. J. S. SMITH,
Dr. SPOTTISWOODE, Mr. R. B. HAYWARD, Dr. SALMON, Rev. Prof. R.
TOWNSEND, Prof. FULLER, Prof. KELLAND, Mr. J. M. WILSON, Prof.
HENRICI, Mr. J. W. L. GLAISHER, and Prof. CLIFFORD, appointed for
the purpose of considering the possibility of Improving the Methods
of Instruction in Elementary Geometry, and reappointed to consider
the Syllabus drawn up by the Association for the Improvement of
Geometrical Teaching, and to report thereon. Drawn up by Mr.
HAYWARD
Results of a Comparison of the British-Association Units of Electrical
Resistance. By G. CHRYSTAL and S. A. SAUNDER.
Third Report of a Committee, consisting of Prof. A. S. HERSCHEL, B.A.,
F.R.A.S., and G. A. LEBOUR, F.G.S., on Experiments to determine the
Thermal Conductivities of certain Rocks, showing especially the Geo-
logical Aspects of the Investigation...
Report of a Committee, consisting of the Right Hon. J. G. HUBBARD,
M.P., Mr. CHADWICK, M.P., Mr. MORLEY, M.P., Dr. FARR, Mr. HAL-
LETT, Professor JEVONS, Mr. NEWMARCH, Professor LEONE LEVI, Mr.
HEYWOOD, and Mr. SHAEN (with power to add to their number),
appointed for the purpose of considering and reporting on the practi-
cability of adopting a Common Measure of Value in the Assessment
of Direct Taxation, local and imperial. By Mr. HALLETT, Secretary
Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor CLERK MAXWELL, Pro-
fessor J. D. EVERETT, and Dr. A. SCHUSTER, for testing experimentally
Ohm's Law
Report of the Committee, consisting of the Rev. H. F. BARNES, H. E.
DRESSER (Secretary), T. HARLAND, J. E. HARTING, T. J. MONK, Pro-
fessor NEWTON, and the Rev. CANON TRISTRAM, appointed for the pur-
pose of inquiring into the possibility of establishing a " Close Time"
for the protection of indigenous animals, and for watching Bills intro-
duced into Parliament affecting this subject
Report of the Committee, consisting of JAMES R. NAPIER, F.R.S., Sir W.
THOMSON, F.R.S., W. FROUDE, F.R.S., and OSBORNE REYNOLDS (Secre-
tary), appointed to investigate the effect of Propellers on the Steering
of Vessels. (Plate I.)....
8
13
19
27
36
63
66
On the Investigation of the Steering Qualities of Ships. By Professor
OSBORNE REYNOLDS
70
Seventh Report on Earthquakes in Scotland, drawn up by Dr. BRYCE,
F.G.S., F.R.S.E. The Committee consists of Dr. BRYCE, F.G.S., Sir
W. THOMSON, F.R.S., J. BROUGH, G. FORBES, F.R.S.E., D. MILNE-HOME,
F.R.S.E., and P. DRUMMOND
74
Report on the Present State of our Knowledge of the Crustacea.-Part
II. On the Homologies of the Dermal Skeleton (continued). By C.
SPENCE BATE, F.R.S. &c. (Plates II. & III.)
75
Second Report of the Committee for investigating the Circulation of the
Underground Waters in the New Red Sandstone and Permian Forma-
tions of England, and the quantity and character of the water supplied
to various towns and districts from these formations. The Committee
consisting of Professor HULL, Mr. BINNEY, Rev. H. W. CROSSKEY,
Captain D. GALTON, Professor A. H. GREEN, Professor HARKNESS, Mr.
H. HOWELL, Mr. W. MOLYNEUX, Mr. G. H. MORTON, Mr. PENGELLY,
Professor PRESTWICH, Mr. J. PLANT, Mr. MELLARD READE, Mr. C.
FOX-STRANGWAYS, Mr. W. WHITAKER, and Mr. C. E. DE RANCE. Drawn
up by Mr. DE RANCE (Secretary)
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor HARKNESS, Prof.
PRESTWICH, Prof. HUGHES, Rev. H. W. CROSSKEY, Prof. W. BOYD
DAWKINS, Dr. DEANE, Messrs. C. J. WOODWARD, L. C. MIALL, G. H.
MORTON, and J. E. LEE, appointed for the purpose of recording the
position, height above the sea, lithological characters, size, and origin
of the more important of the Erratic Blocks of England and Wales,
reporting other matters of interest connected with the same, and
taking measures for their preservation. Drawn up by the Rev. H.
W. CROSSKEY, Secretary ..
95
110
Fourth Report of the Committee, consisting of Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart.,
Prof. PRESTWICH, Prof. BUSK, Prof. T. M'K. HUGHES, Prof. W. BOYD
DAWKINS, Prof. MIALL, Rev. H. W. CROSSKEY, and Mr. R. H. TIDDE-
MAN, appointed for the purpose of assisting in the Exploration of the
Settle Caves (Victoria Cave). Drawn up by R. H. TIDDEMAN, Reporter 115
Report on Observations of Luminous Meteors during the year 1875–76,
by a Committee, consisting of JAMES GLAISHER, F.R.S., R. P. GREG,
F.G.S., F.R.A.S., C. BROOKE, F.R.S., Prof. G. FORBES, F.R.S.E., WAL-
TER FLIGHT, D.Sc., F.G.S., and Prof. A. S. HERSCHEL, M.A., F.R.A.S.
(Plate IV.)
Report on the Rainfall of the British Isles for the years 1875-76, by
a Committee, consisting of C. BROOKE, F.R.S. (Chairman), J. F.
BATEMAN, C.E., F.R.S., ROGERS FIELD, C.E., J. GLAISHER, F.R.S.,
T. HAWKSLEY, C.E., The Earl of Rosse, F.R.S., J. SMYTH, Jun., C.E.,
C. TOMLINSON, F.R.S., G. J. SYMONS (Secretary). .
119
172
Ninth Report of the Committee, consisting of Professor EVERETT, Sir W.
THOMSON, F.R.S., Professor J. CLERK MAXWELL, F.R.S., G. J. SYMONS,
F.M.S., Professor RAMSAY, F.R.S., Professor A. GEIKIE, F.R.S., JAMES
GLAISHER, F.R.S., GEORGE MAW, F.G.S., W. PENGELLY, F.R.S., Pro-
fessor HULL, F.R.S., Professor ANSTED, F.R.S., Professor PRESTWICH,
F.R.S., Dr. C. LE NEVE FOSTER, Professor A. S. HERSCHEL, G. A. LE-
BOUR, F.G.S., and A. B. WYNNE, appointed for the purpose of investi-
gating the Rate of Increase of Underground Temperature downwards
in various Localities of Dry Land and under Water. Drawn up by
Professor EVERETT, Secretary 204
Nitrous Oxide in the Gaseous and Liquid States. By W. J. JANSSEN.. 211