Saffron (Crocus sativus) production and processing

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Preface; Contents; List of Contributors; 1. Historical Background, Economy, creage, Production, Yield and Uses; 1-1 INTRODUCTION; 1-2 HISTORY; 1-3 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE; 1-4 ACREAGE, TOTAL PRODUCTION AND YIELD; 1-5 USES; 1-5-1 Food Industries; 1-5-2 Medicinal Uses; 1-5-3 Use of Leaves as Animal Feed; 1-6 SAFFRON TOXICITY; 1-7 SUMMARY; References; 2. Saffron Botany; 2-1 INTRODUCTION; 2-2 IRIDACEAE (SAFFRON FAMILY); 2-3 CROCUS L.; 2-4 CULTIVATED SAFFRON (CROCUS SATIVUS L.); 2-5 WILD SAFFRON (CROCUS CARTWRGHTIANUS); 2-6 JOE QUASEM SAFFRON (CROCUS PALLASII SUBSP. HAUSSKNECHTII). 2-7 ALMEH SAFFRON (C. ALMEHENSIS)2-8 VIOLET SAFFRON (C. MICHELSONII); 2-9 TWO FLOWERED SAFFRON (C. BIFLORUS); 2-10 ZAGROS SAFFRON(C. CANCELLATUS); 2-11 ZIBA SAFFRON (C. SPECIOSUS); 2-12 CASPIAN SAFFRON (C. CASPIUS); 2-13 GILAN SAFFRON (C. GILANICUS); 2-14 C. KOROKOWII; SUMMARY; Reference; 3. Saffron Ecophysiology ; 3-1 INTRODUCTION; 3-2 CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS; 3-2-1 Temperature; 3-2-2 Moisture; 3-2-3 Soil; 3-3 PHENOLOGICAL STAGES; 3-3-1 Phenological Stages on the Basis of Above Ground Parts; A-Generative phase; B-Vegetative phase; C-Dormant phase. 3-3-2 Phenological Stages based on Corm Development3-4 PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES DURING CORM DEVELOPMENT; 3-5 GROWTH PARAMETERS; 3-6 BIOLOGICAL YIELD; 3-7 ECONOMIC YIELD; 3-8 SUMMARY; References; 4. Saffron ProductionTechnology; 4-1 INTRODUCTION; 4-2 CROP ROTATION; 4-2-1 Multiple Cropping; 4-3 CULTIVATION OF SAFFRON; 4-3-1 Soil Preparation; 4-3-2 Planting Methods; 4-3-3 Selection of Corms; 4-3-4 Time of Corm Lifting; 4-3-5 Time of Planting; 4-3-6 Preparation of Corm for Planting; 4-3-7 Planting Density; 4-4 FIELD MANAGEMENT; 4-4-1 Application of Fertilizer; 4-4-2 Breaking Soil Crust. 4-4-3 Weed Control4-5 HARVESTING; CONCLUSION; References; 5. Irrigation; 5-1 INTRODUCTION; 5-2 WATER REQUIREMENT; 5-3 CROP COEFFICIENT; Irrigation Regime; SUMMARY; References; 6. Saffron Pests, Diseases, and Weeds; 6-1 INTRODUCTION; 6-2 PORCUPINE (HYSTRIX INDICA) KERR; 6-3 BANDICOOT RAT (NESOKIA INDICA GRAY); 6-4 MOUSE (MUS MUSCULUS L.); 6-5 AFGHAN MOLE RAT (ELLOBIUS FUCOCABILUS BLYTH); 6-6 INSECTS; 6-6-1 Saffron Bulb Mite (Rhizoglyphus robini); Morphology; Biology; Larvae; Variation within population and generations; Method of damage; 6-6-2 Corm Thrips (Thrips tabaci Linedman); Morphology. BiologyMethod of damage; Prevention and control; 6-7 SAFFRON DISEASE; 6-7-1 Stigma twisting; 6-7-2 Corm rots; 6-7-2-1 Corm root rot; 6-7-2-2 Corm neck rot; 6-7-2-3 Saffron smut (Tacon); 6-7-2-4 Saffron leaf chlorosis; 6-8 SAFFRON WEEDS AND WEEDS CONTROL; SUMMARY; References; 7. Genetics, Sterility, Propagation and in vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites; 7-1 KARYOLOGY; 7-2 DIVERSITY AND MUTAGENESIS; 7-3 MIROSPOROGENESIS AND POLLEN DEVELOPMENT; 7-4 POLLEN VIABILITY; 7-5 MEGASPOROGENESIS AND DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO SAC; 7-6 OUTCROSSING; 7-7 INTERSPECIFIC CROSSING