The

Natural History

of Animals

The Animal Life of the World in its various Aspects and Relations

BY

J. R. AINSWORTH DAVIS, M.a.

PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF WALES, AND PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY AND
TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE
GEOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, ABERYSTWYTH

HALF-VOL. VII

LONDON

THE GRESHAM PUBLISHING COMPANY

34 SOUTHAMPTON STREET, STRAND

1904

CONTENTS

HALF-VOL. VII

NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE-ORGANS

CHAPTER LVII.-GENERAL PRINCIPLES-NERVOUS SYSTEMS

OF BACKBONELESS ANIMALS (INVERTEBRATA) AND BACK-

BONED ANIMALS (VERTEBRATA)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES-Properties of Protoplasm: Sensitiveness and Spontaneity.
Stimuli: Reaction of Protozoa to Stimuli

NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF BACKBONELESS ANIMALS
(INVERTEBRATA)

Division of Labour in Cell-Communities -

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I

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NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF ZOOPHYTES (CŒLENTERATA)-Ectoderm and Endoderm:

Nerve-Cells and Nerve-Fibres, Neurons; Sea-Anemones; Jelly-Fishes

NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF SEGMENTED WORMS (ANNELIDA)-Nerve-Ring and

Nerve-Cord in Earth-Worm, &c.; Head and Brain; Reflex Action; Visceral

Nervous System; Comparison with Nemertine Worms (Nemertea) -

NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF JOINTED-LIMBED INVERTEBRATES (ARTHROPODA)—

Comparison with Annelids

Nervous Systems of Crustaceans (Crustacea)-Apus, Crayfish, and Crab

Nervous Systems of Air-breathing Arthropods (Tracheata)-Peripatus,

Centipedes and Millipedes, Scorpions and Spiders, Insects -

7

IO

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14

NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF MOLLUSCS (MOLLUSCA)-Mail-Shells (Chiton), Snails and

Slugs (Gastropoda), Bivalves (Lamellibranchia), Tusk-Shells (Scaphopoda),

Head-footed Molluscs (Cephalopoda)

16

NERVOUS SYSTEMS OF BACKBONED ANIMALS (VERTEBRATA)

Brain, Spinal Cord, Sympathetic Nervous System, Spinal Nerves, Cranial Nerves;

Development of Nervous System

19

THE BRAIN OF VERTEBRATES-Development and Structure; Increase of Com-

plexity in ascending the Scale -

20

CHAPTER LVIII.-SENSE-ORGANS OF BACKBONELESS ANI-

MALS (INVERTEBRATA) AND BACKBONED ANIMALS (VERTE-

BRATA)

The Nature and Uses of Sense-Organs; Organic Sensations; Special Senses -

TOUCH-General Nature: Haptic and Thermal Sensations; Tactile Organs of

Zoophytes, Annelids, Arthropods, and Vertebrates. Pacinian Bodies and the

Pressure-Sense. Organs of Active Touch

TASTE-General Nature: Gustatory Organs of Annelids, Insects, Molluscs, and

Vertebrates; Taste-Buds

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SMELL-General Nature: Distance-Senses (Telæsthetic Senses); Olfactory Organs

of Arthropods, Molluscs, and Vertebrates -

BALANCE AND HEARING-General Nature

Balancing Organs of Jelly-Fishes (Hydrozoa)—Otocysts and Tentaculo-

cysts and their Uses

33

Balancing Organs in Segmented Worms (Annelida)—Earth-Worms, Oto-

cysts of Lug-Worms (Arenicola) -

34

Balancing Organs in Molluscs (Mollusca)—Otocysts of Bivalves (Lamelli-

branchia), Snails and Slugs (Gastropoda), and Head-footed Molluscs

(Cephalopoda)

Organs of Balance and Hearing in Crustaceans (Crustacea)—Otocysts of

Lobsters, Prawns, Shrimps, and Crabs; Otocysts in Tail of Opossum

Shrimp (Mysis); Sound-producing Crustaceans-Rock-Lobster (Pali-

nurus), Musical Strand-Crab (Ocypoda macrocera), Squeaker Crab

(Psopheticus stridulans)

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35

377

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39

Organs of Balance and Hearing in Insects (Insecta)-Chordotonal Organs :

Musical Organs of Grasshoppers, Green Grasshoppers, and Crickets -

Organs of Balance and Hearing in Backboned Animals (Vertebrata)—

Otocyst in the Brain of Larval Ascidians (Urochorda); Structure

and Uses of the Auditory Organs of Aquatic- and Land-Vertebrates

SIGHT-Skin-Seeing (Dermatoptic Vision) of Earth-Worms and Bivalve Molluscs -

Direction-Eyes-Euglena, Jelly-Fishes (Hydrozoa), Star-Fishes and Sea-

Urchins (Echinodermata), Segmented Worms (Annelida), Arrow-

Worms (Chatognatha), and Limpet (Patella)

Picture-Eyes-Compound Eyes of Crustaceans and Insects. Camera

Eyes of Annelids, Arthropods, and Molluscs. Camera Eyes of Verte-

brates-Structure and Development; Visual Organs of the Double-

Eyes (Anableps); Pineal Eyes of certain Reptiles

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ANIMAL INSTINCT AND INTELLIGENCE

CHAPTER LIX.-GENERAL PRINCIPLES-INSTINCT AND IN-

TELLIGENCE IN HIGHER BACKBONELESS ANIMALS

(INVERTEBRATA) AND BACKBONED ANIMALS (VERTEBRATA)

GENERAL PRINCIPLES-Reflex Action, Instinct, Intelligence, Reason