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2007 Estonian Academy activated carbon activation energy adsorption air pollution Anal analysis assessment basin modelling calculated CFBC characteristic peaks charge rates chemical chlorobenzene coal samples composition compressive strength Czech Republic decrease Dictyonema dioxide El-Lajjun emission environmental charges environmental damage cost environmental impacts Estonian Estonian Academy Publishers Estonian oil shale ethanol evolved at thermooxidation external costs ExternE methodology ExternE-Pol Fischer Assay frequency factor FTIR spectra gaseous compounds evolved gases grade heat carrier retorts higher temperatures Huadian Huadian oil shale hydrogen sulfide increasing K/min kerogen mass loss mechanical properties method minerals mixture nahcolite Non-isothermal oil shale ash oil shale samples oil shale-based electricity oxidation p-xylene particle petroleum pollution charge producer price properties of oil pyrite pyrolysis reaction samples studied semicoking gas shale oil solid heat carrier sulfur Table Technology tensile strength TG curves Therm thermal tion volatile weight loss Young's modulus